2025 Concept, No. 200009, "Pyrotechnic Electromagnetic Pulse (PEP)," 2025 Concepts Database. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996.

2025 Concept, No. 200010, "Suppression Cloud," 2025 Concepts Database. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996.

2025 Concept, No. 200015, "Distortion Field Projector," 2025 Concepts Database. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996.

2025 Concept, No. 200018, "Space-Based Laser Designator," 2025 Concepts Database. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996.

2025 Concept, No. 200023, "Surveillance Swarm," 2025 Concepts Database. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996.

2025 Concept, No. 900046, "Space Marine Operational Theater," 2025 Concepts Database. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996.

2025 Concept, No. 900163, "Solar Energy Weapon," 2025 Concepts Database. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996.

2025 Concept, No. 900168, "Meteors as a Weapon," 2025 Concepts Database .Maxwell AFB, Ala: Air War College/2025, 1996.

2025 Concept, No. 900181, "Blackhorse Type Outer Atmosphere Low Orbit Vehicle," 2025 Concepts Database. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996.

2025 Concept, No. 900202, "Space-based Special Operations Forces," 2025 Concepts Database. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996.

2025 Concept, No. 900231, "Gnat Robot Threat Detectors," 2025 Concepts Database. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996.

2025 Concept, No. 900249, "Geosynchronous Manned Command and Control Module," 2025 Concepts Database. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996.

2025 Concept, No. 900263, "The All Seeing Warrior," 2025 Concepts Database. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996.

2025 Concept, No. 900265, "Space Storage Modules To Establish Space-sourced Air Drop Capability," 2025 Concepts Database. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996.

2025 Concept, No. 900270, "EMP Pills," 2025 Concepts Database. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996.

2025 Concept, No. 900288, "Swarms of Micromachines," 2025 Concepts Database. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996.

2025 Concept, No. 900313, "Spaceborne/Airborne Hologram," 2025 Concepts Database. Maxwell AFB, Ala: Air War College/2025, 1996.

2025 Concept, No. 900335, "Worldwide Military Cellular Phone System," 2025 Concepts Database. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996.

2025 Concept, No. 900338, "Stealth Technology," 2025 Concepts Database Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996.

2025 Concept, No. 900370, "Molecular Manufacturing and Nanotechnology," 2025 Concepts Database. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996.

2025 Concept, No. 900390, "Holographic Battlefield Deception," 2025 Concepts Database. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996.

2025 Concept, No. 900414, "Artificial Intelligence: A New Aircrew Member in Tomorrow's Combat," 2025 Concepts Database. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996.

2025 Concept, No. 900420, "Laser Attack Station," 2025 Concepts Database. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996.

2025 Concept, No. 900426, "Atmospheric Disturbance," 2025 Concepts Database. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996.

2025 Concept, No. 900452, "Space based Satellite Body Guard," 2025 Concepts Database. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996.

2025 Concept, No. 900518, "Electronic Grid - Throwaway Sensors," 2025 Concepts Database. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996.

2025 Concept, No. 900522, "Space-Based AI-Driven Intelligence Master Mind," 2025 Concepts Database. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996.

2025 Concept, No. 900552, "On-demand Tactical Recce Satellite Constellation," (PROPRIETARY), 2025 Concepts Database. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996.

2025 Concept, No. 900570, "Deceptive Holographic Imaging," 2025 Concepts Database. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996.

2025 Concept, No. 900585, "Global Location & Secure Comm," 2025 Concepts Database. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996.

2025 Concept, No. 900610, "Hoversatt," 2025 Concepts Database. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996.

2025 Concept, No. 900654, "Parts Locker," 2025 Concepts Database. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996.

2025 Concept, No. 900672, "Integrated Logistical Battlespace Sustainment," 2025 Concepts Database. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996.

2025 Concept, No. 900696, "Global, Rapid Response Space Sortie," 2025 Concepts Database. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996.

2025 Concept, No. 900756, "Holographic Deception Operations," 2025 Concepts Database. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996.

2025 Concept, No. 900792, "Holographic CCD," 2025 Concepts Database. Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996.

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Briefing. New World Vistas Surveillance & Warning Panel briefing, 10 April 1995.

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Briefing. Phillips Laboratory PL/VT-X, subject: On-going Research in the Directorate, January 1996. Provided to AF 2025 study team.

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Broad, William J., "Meteoroids Hit Atmosphere in Atomic-Size Blasts." New York Times, 25 January 1994.

Cain, Sarah L. "Eyes in the Sky: Satellite Imagery Blasts Off." Photonics Spectra, October 1995.

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1. David J. Lynch, "Spacepower Comes to the Squadron," Air Force Magazine 77, no. 9 (September 1994): 66. According to Brig Gen David L. Vesely, first commander of the Air Force Space Warfare Center, "When we got to the war, space resources were available, but were not tailored to the war fighter's problem. Tactical warning was just not there. Likewise, reconnaissance data all arrived, but we did not get what was tactically useful."

2. John R. Boyd, "A Discourse on Winning and Losing" A collection of unpublished briefings and essays. Air University Library, Document No. M-U 43947, August 1987.

3. Gen Ronald E Fogleman, USAF, and Sheila E. Widnall, Global Presence 1995 (Washington, D.C.: HQ USAF, Pamphlet, 1995), 16.

4. Lt Col Bruce W. Carmichael, et al., "Strikestar 2025," AF 2025 Study (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College, 1996). See also CDR Clarence E. Carter, et al., "The 'Man in the Chair' - Cornerstone of Global Battlespace Dominance," AF 2025 Study (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College, 1996); Lt Col Edward F. Murphy, et al., "Information Operations: Wisdom Warfare for 2025," AF 2025 Study (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College, 1996); Lt Col William, Osborne, et al., "Information Operations: A New Warfighting Capability," AF 2025 Study (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College, 1996); and Maj Michael J. Tiernan, et al., "In-Time Information Integration System (I3S)," AF 2025 Study (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College, 1996.

5. Sarah L. Cain, "Eyes in the Sky: Satellite Imagery Blasts Off," Photonics Spectra, (October 1995): 90-104 and Maj Timothy Hawes, USAF, "Commercial Use of Satellite Imagery," Program Manager 24, no. 2 (March-April 1995): 44-47.

6. Gregory Canavan, and Edward Teller, "Strategic Defense for the 1990s," Nature 334 (19 April 199): 699-704.

7. Information obtained from a senior US Air Force professional speaking to the Air War College under the promise of nonattribution.

8. Lt Col Larry D. James, USAF, "Dual Use Alternatives for DoD Space Systems," Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College Research Report, April 1993, 31.

9. Canavan and Teller, 699.

10. New World Vistas Study Group Briefing, subject: Surveillance & Warning, April 1995.

11. Maj Michael J. Tiernan, et al., "In-Time Information Integration System (I3S)," AF 2025 Study (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College, 1996.

12. Lt Col Bruce W. Carmichael, et al., "Strikestar 2025," AF 2025 Study (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College, 1996). See also CDR Clarence E. Carter, et al., "The 'Man in the Chair' - Cornerstone of Global Battlespace Dominance," AF 2025 Study (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College, 1996); Lt Col Edward F. Murphy, et al., "Information Operations: Wisdom Warfare for 2025," AF 2025 Study (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College, 1996); Lt Col William Osborne, et al., "Information Operations: A New Warfighting Capability," AF 2025 Study (Maxwell AFB, Ala: Air War College, 1996); and Maj Michael J. Tiernan, et al., "In-Time Information Integration System (I3S)," AF 2025 Study (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College, 1996.

13. John R. Boyd, "A Discourse on Winning and Losing." A collection of unpublished briefings and essays. Air University Library, Document No. M-U 43947. August 1987.

14. Air Force Manual 1-1, Vol. II, March 1992, 283.

15. CDR Clarence E. Carter, et al., "The 'Man in the Chair' - Cornerstone of Global Battlespace Dominance," AF 2025 Study (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College, 1996); Lt Col Edward F. Murphy, et al., "Information Operations: Wisdom Warfare for 2025," AF 2025 Study (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College, 1996); Lt Col William Osborne, et al., "Information Operations: A New Warfighting Capability," AF 2025 Study (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College, 1996); and Maj Michael J. Tiernan, et al., "In-Time Information Integration System (I3S)," AF 2025 Study (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College, 1996).

16. 2025 concept, no. 900610, "Hoversatt," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).

17. 2025 concept, no. 900338, "Stealth Technology," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).

18. Lt Col Henry Baird, et al., "Spacelift - Integration of Aerospace Core Competencies," AF 2025 study (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College, 1996).

19. US GAO Report, "Ballistic Missile Defense - Information on Directed Energy Programs for FY 1985 Through 1993" (Washington, D.C.: Government publication, GAO/NSIAD-93-182, June 1993), 13.

20. Personal interview with Dr M. Yarymovitch, 7 February 1996.

21. Spacecast 2020, "Refueled Transatmospheric Vehicle" (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1994), H-1.

22. 2025 concept, no. 900046, "Space Marine Operational Theater," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996); 2025 concept, no. 900202, "Space-based Special Operations Forces," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996); 2025 concept, no. 900696, "Global, Rapid Response Space Sortie," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996); 2025 concept, no. 900265, "Space Storage Modules To Establish Space-sourced Air Drop Capability," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996); 2025 concept, no. 900654, "Parts Locker," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).

23. Briefing, subject: "Military Spaceplane Technology and Applications," January 1996, Phillips Laboratory PL/VT-X Slide 17.

24. Lt Col Edward F. Murphy, et al., "Information Operations: Wisdom Warfare for 2025," AF 2025 Study (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College, 1996); and Lt Col William Osborne et al., "Information Operations: A New Warfighting Capability," AF 2025 Study (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College, 1996.

25. Robert C. Weast, Editor-in-chief, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press, Inc., 1984), F-162.

26. 2025 concept, no. 900163, "Solar Energy Weapon," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).

27. Spacecast 2020 "Force Application" (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1994), O-18.

28. Personal observations made one of this paper's authors at the Litton-Itek Corporation and the University of Arizona in March 1992 and February 1993.

29. Personal interview with Dr M. Yarymovitch, 7 February 1996.

30. Information obtained from senior DOD professionals speaking to the Air War College under the promise of nonattribution.

31. Lt Col Brad Shields, et al., "Weather as a Force Multiplier - Owning the Weather in 2025," AF 2025 Study (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College, 1996).

32. Spacecast 2020, "Force Application" (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1994), O-18.

33. 2025 concept, no. 900181, "Blackhorse Type Outer Atmosphere Low Orbit Vehicle," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996); 2025 concept, no. 200018, "Space-Based Laser Designator," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996); 2025 concept, no. 900420, "Laser Attack Station," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996); 2025 concept, no. 900452, "Space based Satellite Body Guard," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996); 2025 concept, no. 200034, "Missile Laser," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).

34. Information from Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) graduate course in Laser Effects, Dr William Bradley, 1984.

35. "Visions" briefing, slide 21.

36. Briefing, subject: On-going Research in the Directorate, Phillips Laboratory's Lasers and Imaging Directorate, provided to AF 2025 study team in November 1995.

37. Ibid.

38. Information obtained through personal interviews obtained by one of this paper's authors with industrial experts in 1981, 1993, and 1994 under the promise of nonattribution.

39. Spacecast 2020, "Force Application" (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1994), O-18. Information on energies required for weapons-class pulsed laser obtained from one author's personal course notes, AFIT graduate course in Laser Effects, 1984.

40. Spacecast 2020, "Force Application" (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1994), O-18.

41. The aperture sizes were determined by simple optical diffraction calculations at low earth orbit ranges (hundreds of kilometers vertically; a few thousand kilometers slant range) for wavelengths from 5 microns to 0.45 microns assuming a Gaussian beam with 99%+ energy on target and a circular aperture. For more information on how to perform these calculations, see (for example) Anthony E. Seigman, Lasers, Mill Valley, Calif.: University Science Books, 1986, Chapter 18.4 (Aperture Diffraction: Circular Apertures), 727. For aberrated beams, even larger mirrors would be required.

42. These numbers obtained by a simple geometric calculation. At an orbital altitude of 300 to 1,000 km, angular accuracies in this range are required to achieve pointing stability on the order of inches.

43. US GAO Report, "Ballistic Missile Defense - Information on Directed Energy Programs for FY 1985 Through 1993" 38.

44. Briefing, subject: On-going Research in the Directorate Phillips Laboratory's Lasers and Imaging Directorate,, provided to AF 2025 study team in November 1995.

45. John L. Petersen, The Road to 2015 (Corte Madera, Calif.: waite Group Press, 1994). 58-60, 297-298. Intriguing ideas based on nanotechnology and microelectromechanical machines (MEMS) were also submitted as 2025 concept, no. 900518, "Electronic Grid - Throwaway Sensors," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996); 2025 concept, no. 200023, "Surveillance Swarm," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996); 2025 concept, no. 900231, "Gnat Robot Threat Detectors," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996); 2025 concept, no. 900288, "Swarms of Micromachines," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).

46. For information on advances in low-dimensional electronic systems see the discussion in Paul Davies ed. The New Physics, (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 228-234. The same text has an excellent, very brief discussion of the essential elements of optical computers on page 315. For a nontechnical discussion of trends in microprocessors see Petersen, John L., The Road to 2015 (Corte Madera, Calif.: Waite Group Press), 1994, 28-32.

47. Information obtained from senior DOD professional speaking to the Air War College under the promise of nonattribution.

48. Briefing, subject: On-going Research in the Directorate, Phillips Laboratory's Lasers and Imaging Directorate, provided to AF 2025 study team in November 1995.

49. Lt Col Brad Shields, et al., "Weather as a Force Multiplier - Owning the Weather in 2025," AF 2025 study (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College, 1996).

50. 2025 concept, no. 900426, "Atmospheric Disturbance," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996); 2025 concept, no. 900552, "On-demand Tactical Recce Satellite Constellation," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996); 2025 concept, no. 200018, "Space-Based Laser Designator," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996). See also the briefing by Phillips Laboratory's Lasers and Imaging Directorate, provided to AF 2025 study team in 1995.

51. US GAO Report, "Ballistic Missile Defense - Information on Directed Energy Programs for FY 1985 Through 1993" 19.

52. The core of this idea can be found in the briefing charts from the 10 April 1995 working session of the New World Vistas team in the section on the Directed Energy group (chairman Donald Lamberson, Maj Gen, USAF (Ret.)). See also briefing by Phillips Laboratory's Lasers and Imaging Directorate, subject: On-going Research in the Directorate, provided to AF 2025 study team in November 1995.

53. Amnon Yariv, Introduction to Optical Electronics, 2nd ed. (New York, N.Y.: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1976), 166-167, 176-186.

54. Anonymous assessor comment on first draft of Space Operations white paper, 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).

55. Briefing, subject: On-going Research in the Directorate, Phillips Laboratory's Lasers and Imaging Directorate, provided to AF 2025 study team in November 1995.

56. Personal visit by one of the authors to the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory's inertial confinement fusion facilities in 1984.

57. Information from Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) graduate course in Laser Effects, Dr William Bradley, 1984.

58. Amnon Yariv, 210.

59. Peter W. Milonni and Joseph H. Eberly, Lasers (New York, N.Y.: John Wiley and Sons, 1988), 4.

60. US GAO Report, "Ballistic Missile Defense - Information on Directed Energy Programs for FY 1985 Through 1993," 14.

61. Information from Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) graduate courses in Plasma Physics, Dr Phillip Nielson, 1978 and Laser Effects, Dr William Bradley, 1984.

62. US GAO Report, "Ballistic Missile Defense - Information on Directed Energy Programs for FY 1985 Through 1993," 28.

63. Spacecast 2020 "Force Application" (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1994). O-22, O-23.

64. US GAO Report, "Ballistic Missile Defense - Information on Directed Energy Programs for FY 1985 Through 1993," 30.

65. Ibid., 30.

66. Visions briefing, slide 18.

67. US GAO Report, "Ballistic Missile Defense - Information on Directed Energy Programs for FY 1985 Through 1993," 31.

68. Personal interview with Dr M. Yarymovitch, 7 February 1996.

69. US GAO Report, "Ballistic Missile Defense - Information on Directed Energy Programs for FY 1985 Through 1993," 31.

70. Carlo Kopp, "A Doctrine for the Use of Electromagnetic Pulse Bombs" (Fairbairn ACT, Australia: Air Power Studies Centre (ISBN 0 642 19343 6), July 1993); 1, 11.

71. Ibid., 3.

72. J. D. Jackson, Classical Electrodynamics, 2nd ed. (New York, N.Y.: John Wiley and Sons, 1975), 271.

73. John Moyle, memorandum entitled "Thoughts on the Revolution in Military Affairs," from the Strategic Assessment Center to Mr Jeff McKitrick and Colonel Richard Szafranski, 5 January 1996, 9.

74. Ibid. 3.

75. Carlo Kopp, 10.

76. Ibid., 3-5.

77. Dr William Balcer, Phillips Lab, "Transient Electromagnetic Technology and Future Space-control," Briefing on 20 Oct 1993, to AF Spacecast 2020 study. Also see Spacecast 2020 abstract paper AO112 (Compact Toroids).

78. Spacecast 2020, "Force Application" (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1994), O-19.

79. John Moyle, 9.

80. 2025 concept, no. 900270, "EMP Pills," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).

81. Carlo Kopp, "Air Warfare Applications of Laser Remote Sensing" (Fairbairn, Australia: Air Power Studies Centre), 2.

82. 2025 concept, no. 200009, "Pyrotechnic Electromagnetic Pulse (PEP)," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996); 2025 concept, no. 900270, "EMP Pills," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).

83. Carlo Kopp, "A Doctrine for the Use of Electromagnetic Pulse Bombs," 15.

84. John Moyle, 10.

85. Carlo Kopp, "Air Warfare Applications of Laser Remote Sensing," 3.

86. Carlo Kopp, "A Doctrine for the Use of Electromagnetic Pulse Bombs," 9.

87. Briefing, subject: On-going Research in the Directorate, Phillips Laboratory's Advanced Weapons and Survivability Directorate, provided to AF 2025 study team on 4 December 1995; 8, 38, and 40. This was extracted from a brief technical note attached to the briefing by Dr John T. Tatum, US Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Md. entitled "A New Threat to Aircraft Survivability: Radio Frequency Directed Energy Weapons (RF DEW)."

88. Ibid., 10.

89. Information obtained from senior technical and management personnel in the American aerospace industry under the promise of nonattribution.

90. Briefing, subject: On-going Research in the Directorate, Phillips Laboratory's Advanced Weapons and Survivability Directorate, provided to AF 2025 study team on 4 December 1995; 10, 32, and 33.

91. George E. Thibault, The Art and Practice of Military Strategy (Washington, D.C.: National Defense University Press, 1984), 47.

92. 2025 concept, no. 200015, "Distortion Field Projector," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996); 2025 concept, no. 900313, "Spaceborne/Airborne Hologram," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996); 2025 concept, no. 900570, "Deceptive Holographic Imaging," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996); 2025 concept, no. 900390, "Holographic Battlefield Deception," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996); 2025 concept, no. 900756, "Holographic Deception Operations," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996); 2025 concept, no. 900792, "Holographic CCD," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).

93. Amnon Yariv, 408-409.

94. Peter W. Milonni and Joseph H. Eberly, Lasers (New York, N.Y.: John Wiley and Sons, 1988), 606-609.

95. John L. Petersen, The Road to 2015 (Corte Madera, Calif.: Waite Group Press, 1994), 62.

96. CDR Clarence E. Carter, et al., "The 'Man in the Chair' - Cornerstone of Global Battlespace Dominance," AF 2025 study (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College, 1996); LtCol Edward F. Murphy, et al., "Information Operations: Wisdom Warfare for 2025," AF 2025 study (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College, 1996); LtCol William Osborne, et al., "Information Operations: A New Warfighting Capability," AF 2025 study (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College, 1996); and Maj Michael J. Tiernan, et al., "In-Time Information Integration System (I3S)," AF 2025 study (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College, 1996.

97. David Halliday, and Robert Resnick, Fundamental of Physics, 3d ed. (New York, N.Y.: John Wiley and Sons, 1988), 134.

98. Personal interview with Dr M. Yarymovitch, 7 February 1996.

99. Spacecast 2020, "Force Application" (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1994), O-15 and O-8.

100. John Moyle, 12-13.

101. US GAO Report, "Ballistic Missile Defense - Information on Directed Energy Programs for FY 1985 Through 1993, 12.

102. Briefing, subject: "Mission Area Vision - Force Application," 10 November 1992 S. J. Navickas,.

103. Stanley W. Kandebo, "'Air Spike' Could Ease Hypersonic Flight Problems," Aviation Week & Space Technology, 19 May 1995. 66.

104. 2025 concept, no. 200010, "Suppression Cloud," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996); 2025 concept, no. 900270, "EMP Pills," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).

105. Personal observation by one of the authors at the AF Phillips Laboratory and the University of Texas, Austin in 1981 and 1989.

106. Considerable information on this topic can be found at the following Worldwide Web available from: www.pas.nps.navy.mil/railgun.html.

107. 2025 concept, no. 900168, "Meteors as a Weapon," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).

108. William J. Broad "Meteoroids Hit Atmosphere in Atomic-Size Blasts," New York Times 25 January 1994.

109. Briefing, subject: "Military Spaceplane Technology and Applications," January 1996, Phillips Laboratory PL/VT-X, slides 9,10, 11, and 30.

110. Ibid. slide 7.

111. Information obtained from the internet, Internet 14 February 1996, available from: http://www.contribu.cmu. edu/usr/fjo4/.

112. Dr Dennis Bushnell, Chief Scientist for NASA Langley Research Center, telephone interview, 26 Feb 96.

113. Ibid.

114. Ibid.

115. Ibid.

116. Ibid.

117. Ibid.

118. Ibid.

119. Briefing, subject: "Military Spaceplane Technology and Applications," January 1996, Phillips Laboratory PL/VT-X, slide 20.

120. Spacecast 2020, "Space Lift: Suborbital, Earth to Orbit, and On-Orbit," (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1994), H-1.

121. Briefing, subject: "Future Expansions in Space," 25 June 1995, McDonnell Douglas/Boeing, chart Y505403.1M18BA76.

122. Briefing, A Discussion Paper-as-Briefing, 26 January 1996 "Space and the Army's Future", slide 5.

123. Briefing, subject: "Military Spaceplane Technology and Applications," January 1996, , Phillips Laboratory PL/VT-X, slide 19.

124. Briefing, subject: "Future Expansions in Space," 25 June 1995 McDonnell Douglas/Boeing,, chart Y505403.1M18BA76. The X-33 program predicts this can be done in from hours to a few days. Briefing, Col Ted Wierzbarowski, subject: "National Aerospace Plane and Airbreathing Single-Stage-to-Orbit," 19 October 1993, chart D2270.010.

125. W. J. Schaeffer Associates, Memorandum to Capt Clapp, USAF, 4 February 1994.

126. Briefing, subject: "Future Expansions in Space," 25 June 1995, McDonnell Douglas/Boeing, chart Y505403.1M18BA76.

127. Briefing, subject: "Military Spaceplane Technology and Applications," January 1996, Phillips Laboratory PL/VT-X, slide 31.

128. Lt Col Robert H. Zielinski, et al., "Star Tek - Exploiting the Final Frontier - Counterspace Operations in 2025," AF 2025 study (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College, 1996).

129. Personal interview with Dr M. Yarymovitch, 7 February 1996.

130. Lt Col Brad Shields, et al., "Weather as a Force Multiplier - Owning the Weather in 2025," AF 2025 study (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College, 1996).

131. Information obtained from the internet, Internet 14 February 1996 available from: http://www.contribu.cmu. edu/usr/fjo4/ and conversations with representatives at a briefing on the military spaceplane, 6 March 1996.

132. Ralph Vartabedian, "Lasers Next Great Hope to Beam Defense Systems into Future," Los Angeles Herald, 3 December 1995.

133. Maj Michael Roggemann, Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) professor, telephone interview with author, 28 March 1996.

134. Maj, James G. Lee, USAF, "Counterspace Operations for Information Dominance," (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, October 1994), 14. See also Capt Kimberly M. Walker, USAF and Capt Tery L. Donelson, "Space Operations Training Course - Chapter 10: Navstar Global Positioning System" (Peterson AFB, Colo.: 1994), 152.

135. 1992 Global Reach-Global Power White Paper.

136. Briefing, subject: "Military Spaceplane Technology and Applications," January 1996, Phillips Laboratory PL/VT-X, slide 27.

137. Lt Col Robert H. Zielinski, et al., "Star Tek - Exploiting the Final Frontier - Counterspace Operations in 2025," AF 2025 study (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College, 1996).

138. Briefing, subject: "Military Spaceplane Technology and Applications," January 1996, Phillips Laboratory Laboratory PL/VT-X, slide 12.

139. John Moyle, Memorandum entitled "Thoughts on the Revolution in Military Affairs," 1.

140. Briefing, subject: "Military Spaceplane Technology and Applications," January 1996, Phillips Laboratory PL/VT-X, slides 12 and 21.

141. Ibid.,, slide 2.

142. 2025 concept, no. 900265, "Space Storage Modules to Establish Space-Sourced Air Drop Capability," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996); 2025 concept, no. 900654, "Parts Locker," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996); 2025 concept, no. 900249, "Geosynchronous Manned Command and Control Module," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).

143. Quoted in Lt Col Charles M. Westenhoff, USAF, compiler. Military Air Power-The CADRE Digest of Air Power Opinions and Thoughts, Airpower Research Institute, Air University Press, Maxwell AFB, Ala. October, 1990, 90.

144. "Joint Planning Document FY 1998-2003," 15 December 1995, Vol. 4 (Future Capabilities) 2.

145. "Joint Vision 2010 - America's Military: Shaping the Future," a publication of the Joint Staff provided to AF 2025 by AF/XOXS, January 1996, 4.

146. USAF Scientific Advisory Board, New World Vistas: Air and Space Power for the 21st Century, summary volume (Washington, D.C.: USAF Scientific Advisory Board, 15 December 1995), 60.

147. Lt Col Henry. Baird, et al., "Spacelift - Integration of Aerospace Core Competencies," AF 2025 study (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College, 1996).

148. Gen Ronald E. Fogleman, USAF, and Dr Sheila E. Widnall, Global Presence 1995 (Washington, DC: HQ USAF, pamphlet, 1995), 3.

149. Air Force Doctrine Document 1, Air Force Basic Doctrine, first draft, 15 August 1995, 3.

150. Ibid., 3. Adapted from the discussion documented here.

151. AF Manual 1-1, Basic Aerospace Doctrine of the United States Air Force, vol. 2, Essay L (Washington, D.C.: HQ USAF, March 1992), 103-111. The missions listed in this paper were adapted from this essay.

152. Maj Thomas A. Torgerson, USAF, "Global Power Through Tactical Flexibly Deployable Space Units," (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, Research Report AU-ARI-93-6, June 1994), 4.

153. 2025 concept, no. 900522, "Space-Based AI-Driven Intelligence Master Mind," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, AL: Air War College/2025, 1996); 2025 concept, no. 900283, "Information Supremacy," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, AL: Air War College/2025, 1996); 2025 concept, no. 900335, "Worldwide Military Cellular Phone System," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, AL: Air War College/2025, 1996); 2025 concept, no. 900585, "Global Location & Secure Comm," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, AL: Air War College/2025, 1996).

154. Data Fusion Lexicon, Data Fusion Sub-Panel of the Joint Directors of Laboratories, "Technical Panel for C3," 11.

155. Maj James G. Lee, USAF, "Counterspace Operations for Information Dominance" (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, October 1994), 14-16.

156. 2025 concept, no. 900414, "Artificial Intelligence: A New Aircrew Member in Tomorrow's Combat," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, AL: Air War College/2025, 1996); 2025 concept, no. 900263, "The All Seeing Warrior," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).

157. Spacecast 2020 study, "Global Surveillance, Reconnaissance, and Targeting System"( Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1994).

158. Briefing by Dr Lowell Wood at Air War College, subject: Special Projects at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 27 October 1993, slide 7.

159. Information obtained from senior industry personnel under the promise of nonattribution.

160. Maj James G. Lee, USAF, "Counterspace Operations for Information Dominance" (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, October 1994), 15. See Table 5.

161. Spacecast 2020 Study, "Global Surveillance, Reconnaissance, and Targeting System," Maxwell AFB, AL: Air University Press, 1994.

162. 2025 concept, no. 900370, "Molecular Manufacturing and Nanotechnology," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, AL: Air War College/2025, 1996); 2025 concept, no. 900518, "Electronic Grid - Throwaway Sensors," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, AL: Air War College/2025, 1996); 2025 concept, no. 200023, "Surveillance Swarm," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, AL: Air War College/2025, 1996); 2025 concept, no. 900231, "Gnat Robot Threat Detectors," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).

163. Carlo Kopp, "Air Warfare Applications of Laser Remote Sensing" (Fairbairn, Australia: Air Power Studies Centre), 3.

164. 2025 concept, no. 900672, "Integrated Logistical Battlespace Sustainment," 2025 concepts database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).

165. Kimberly M. Walker, USAF, "Space Operations Training Course - Chapter 9: Introduction to Communications Satellites" (Peterson AFB, Colo.: 1994), 134-148.

166. Alan Campan, The First Information War, AFCEA International Press, 1994; 18, 21.

167. Capt Kimberly M. Walker, Capt, USAF and Capt Tery L. Donelson, Space Operations Training Course - Chap 10: Navstar Global Positioning System" (Peterson AFB, Colo.: 1994), 152.

168. Spacecast 2020, "Operational Analysis" (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1994), 35.

169. Sarah L Cain, "Eyes in the Sky: Satellite Imagery Blasts Off," Photonics Spectra, October 1995. 90.

170. Conversations with Air Force Colonel Chuck Thompson, Air War College Space Chair, December 4 1995.