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1. Maj David S. Fadok, John Boyd and John Warden: Air Power's Quest for Strategic Paralysis (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, February 1995), 16.

2. Examples of technology push to obtain more information range from observation balloons to surveillance and reconnaissance aircraft and satellites.

3."War-fighting architectures" encompass the entire spectrum of systems (information collection, processing, dissemination; command and control; and offensive and defensive weapons systems) to support military operations.

4. A senior US Department of Defense policymaker lecture given to the 1996 Air Command and Staff College under the promise of nonattribution. The individual stated that during a 1995 Joint Task Force exercise, three thousand of the thirty thousand messages used in the exercise were never opened nor viewed by anyone because of information overload.

5. 2025 Concept, No. 900702, "Implanted Tactical Information Display," 2025 Concepts Database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).

6. Andrew F. Krepinevich, Jr., War Theory, vol. 3, The Military-Technical Revolution: A Preliminary Assessment (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, September 1995), 163-64.

7. Maj David S. Fadok, John Boyd and John Warden: Air Power's Quest for Strategic Paralysis (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, February 1995), 16.

8. Dr Sheila E. Widnall and Gen Ronald R. Fogelman, Air Force Executive Guidance (Washington, D. C.: December 1995), 2, 17. This document outlines five Air Force areas of core competency-air superiority, space superiority, global mobility, precision employment, and information dominance.

9. William J. Clinton, A National Security Strategy of Engagement and Enlargement (the White House, February 1996), 1.

10. "War-fighting architectures" encompass the entire spectrum of systems (information collection, processing, dissemination; command and control; and offensive and defensive weapons systems) to support military operations.

11. The use of "in-time" as opposed to real-time or near-real time puts the focus on both timeliness and requirement for information. In-time access means getting information to users in time to perform a mission or task.

12. Widnall and Fogelman, 16.

13. Martin C. Libicki, The Mesh and the Net: Speculation on Armed Conflict in a Time of Free Silicon (Washington, D. C.: National Defense University Press, 1994), 2-3.

14. Francis Fukuyama, RAND, Electronic Mail, subject: Dross and Gold, 27 December 1995. Used by permission of author. This electronic mail stresses the importance of "sorting the gold from the dross" because of "data deluge" and the problem of "facing too much wrong information, a phenomenon often exacerbated by new information systems."

15. Air Force Scientific Advisory Board, New World Vistas, Air and Space Power for the 21st Century Volume, 15 December 1995, 5.

16. Ibid.

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid.

19. AFM 1-1, Basic Aerospace Doctrine of the United States Air Force, vol. 1, March 1992, 16.

20. Other 2025 Study research papers dealing with aspects of information operations include: Maj Cindy Norman, et al., "Man In the Chair" (Unpublished paper, Air University, Maxwell AFB, Ala., April 1996); Maj Mike Tiernan et al., "In-Time Information Integration System" (Unpublished paper, Air University, Maxwell AFB, Ala., April 1996); and Maj Barbara Jefts et al., "Virtual Integrated Planning and Execution Resources System: The High Ground of 2025" (Unpublished paper, Air University, Maxwell AFB, Ala., April 1996).

21. Other 2025 Study research papers dealing with spacelift, UAVs and lethal weapons include Lt Col Bruce Carmichael et al., "DEATHSTAR 2025" (Unpublished paper, Air University, Maxwell AFB, Ala., April 1996); Lt Col Henry Baird et al., "Spacelift" (Unpublished paper, Air University, Maxwell AFB, Ala., April 1996); and Maj Philip Simonsen et al., "On-Orbit Support" (Unpublished paper, Air University, Maxwell AFB, Ala., April 1996).

22. The concept of a "blue print" has guided US Air Force modernization in the past. Gen Ronald Fogleman, chief of staff, US Air Force, stated in a lecture delivered to the 2025 project participants at Air University, Maxwell AFB, Alabama, 13 February 1996: "Force Modernization is the blue print for [today's tenets of] Global Reach and Global Power. Our strategic vision remains containment through deterrence." To actualize this vision, the Air Force reorganized into Air Mobility Command (Global Reach) and Air Combat Command (Global Power). Further, the 1990s witnessed the Air Force leadership promote the C-17 as the key short-term solution for Global Reach, and the F-22 for Global Power.

23. Dr Sheila E. Widnall and Gen Ronald R. Fogelman, Cornerstones of Information Warfare (Washington, D. C.: 1995), 3.

24. Fadok, 2.

25. First Lieutenant Gary A. Vincent, Operational Structures, vol. 5, In the Loop: Superiority in Command and Control (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, November 1995), 291.

26. Fukuyama.

27. Jeffrey McKitrick et al., The Revolution in Military Affairs, Air War College Studies in National Security: Battlefield of the Future, no. 3 (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, September 1995), 65-97.

28. Herbert A. Simon, Administrative Behavior: A Study of Decision-Making Processes in Administrative Organization (New York: The Free Press, 1976), 38-41.

29. Lt Col Michael L. McGinnis and Maj George F. Stone III, "Decision Support Technology," Military Review 74, no. 11 (November 1994): 68.

30. Col Richard Szafranski and Col Joseph A. Engelbrecht, Jr., "The Structure of the Revolution: Demystifying the RMA" (Unpublished paper, March 1996), 6-7. The authors used the term momentum control to explain time. However, "time is more than speed. It is the attribute of controlled timing or modulating momentum." See also endnote 10, this chapter.

31. Ralph D. Sawyer, The Seven Military Classics of Ancient China (Boulder, Col.: Westview Press, 1993), 442. The concept and description of "momentum control" was derived from the Chinese term, chieh, translated as "constraints," which is commonly used to indicate constraints or measures imposed on troops. The term lacks a satisfactory English translation because it encompasses the concepts of "control," "timing," and "measure." See also endnote 9, this chapter.

32. Ibid.

33. Szafranski and Engelbrecht, 6-7.

34. Widnall and Fogleman, Cornerstones on Information Warfare, 11.

35. John L. Peterson, The Road to 2015: Profiles of the Future (Corte Madera, Calif.: Waite Group Press, 1994), 288. Peterson states, "Wild cards have a low probability of occurrence but a very high impact."

36. USAF Scientific Advisory Board, New World Vistas: Air and Space Power for the 21^st Century (unpublished draft, the information applications volume, 15 December 1995), 68.

37. New World Vistas, (unpublished draft, the human systems and biotechnology volume), 8.

38. Army Space Institute, Theater Air Campaign Studies, vol. 8, Space Support in Mid-Intensity Conflict (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1995), 306-9.

39. Ibid., 308.

40. New World Vistas, (unpublished draft, the information technology volume), 85.

41. Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (New York: Vintage Books, 1995), 35-36.

42. Lt Col Henry Baird et al., "Spacelift" (Unpublished 2025 research paper, Air University, Maxwell AFB, Ala., April 1996); 2025 Concept, No. 900552, "On-demand Tactical Recce Satellite Constellation," 2025 Concepts Database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).

43. Numerous 2025 Concepts dealt with this technology to include:

44. Lt Col Bruce Carmichael et al., "StrikeStar 2025" (Unpublished 2025 research paper, Air University, Maxwell AFB, Ala., April 1996), 94-95. Particularly, the appendix describes the historical reliability problems with UAV.

45. Alvin and Heidi Toffler, War and Anti War (New York: Warner Books, 1993), 90-91.

46. Negroponte, 21-36.

47. New World Vistas, (unpublished draft, the information applications volume), 32-46.

48. A senior US Air Force policymaker lecture given to the 2025 Study Group under the promise of nonattribution

49. Aleksandar Kolarov and Joseph Hui, "Least Cost Routing in Multiple-Service Networks: Part II," On-line, Internet, September 1995, available from http://www.research.att.com/hgs/infocom95/program.html.

50. Negroponte, 211.

51. New World Vistas, (unpublished draft, the information technology volume), C-3.

52. There are several different authentication technologies. The retinal (eye) scanner is currently used at Falcon AFB, Colorado.

53. Makoto Takano and Katsumi Fujita, "Multilevel Network Management by Means of System Identification," On-line, Internet, September 1995 available from http://www.research.att.com/hgs/infocom95/program.html.

54. Charles Kalmanek and K.G. Ramakrighnan, Third International Telecommunications Symposium, "On-line Routing for Virtual Private Networks," On-line, Internet, September1995, available from http://www.research.att.com/hgs/infocom95/program.html; Lt Col James McMillan, Air Force Liaison to National Security Agency, telephone interview by Maj Scott Bethel, 26 February 1996. MLS has been a long-standing DOD problem both in the US only (collateral versus SCI) and in releasing data to foreign nationals. The main problem is with data at different classification levels using the same communication architecture: how to prevent inadvertent or targeted database access at a higher classification level through lower channels.

55. New World Vistas, (unpublished draft, the information applications volume), 52.

56. Institute for National Strategic Studies, Strategic Assessment 1995: US Security Challenges in Transition (Washington, D. C.: National Defense University Press, November 1994), 151.

57. New World Vistas, (unpublished draft, the information technology volume), 1, 87-90.

58. New World Vistas, (unpublished draft, the information technology volume), 87.

59. Patterson, 51.

60. Clarence A. Robinson, "Molecular Biology Computation Captures International Research," Signal 50, no. 6 (February 1996): 17-21; Thomas A. Bass, "Gene Genie," Wired (August 95): 114-17, 164-68.

61. Robinson, 21.

62. Demetri Psaltis and Fai Mok, "Holographic Memories," Scientific American 273, no. 5 (November 1995): 70-76.

63. New World Vistas, (unpublished draft, the information technology volume), 24. This document suggests "the communications laser will replace the microprocessor as the key enabling technology shaping the personal computer industry."

64. Ibid., 29. The document also suggests battery performance may be a limiting factor.

65. Advanced Research Program Agency, "The SISTO Solution: Intelligent Software Systems," On-line, Internet, 23 July 1995, available from http://www.arpa.mil/sisto/Overview/Solution.hmtl. SISTO is the Software and Intelligent Systems Office of the Advanced Research Program Agency.

66. Ibid.

67. Advanced Research Program Agency, "Intelligent Systems," On-line, Internet, 23 July 1995, available from http://www.arpa.mil/sisto/Overview/Intel_Thrust.html.

68. Oscar Firschein and Thomas Strat, "Image Understanding Program," On-line, Internet, 23 July 1995, available from http://www.arpa.mil/sisto/Overview/Image.html.

69. Ibid.

70. David Gunning, "Intelligent Integration of Information (I3)," On-line, Internet, 23 July 1995, available from http://www.arpa.mil/sisto/I3.html.

71. Ibid.

72. New World Vistas, (unpublished draft, the information technology volume), 38-44.

73. Ibid., 13.

74. Dr Tom Garvey, "Planning and Decision Aids Program," On-line, Internet, 23 July 1995, available from http://www.arpa.mil/sisto/PDA.html.

75. Ibid.

76. New World Vistas, (unpublished draft, the information technology volume), 13.

77. Allen Sears and Robert Neches, "Human Computer Interaction Program," On-line, Internet, 23 July 1995, available from http://www.arpa.mil/sisto/HCI.html.

78. New World Vistas, (unpublished draft, the information technology volume), 37.

79. Ibid., 24.

80. Peter Thomas, "Thought Control," New Scientist 149, no 2020 (9 March 1996): 39. The University of Utah has done significant work to map the brain. Through a series of some 100 sensors implanted in the brain, this team effectively mapped the parts of the brain that see and hear. Their focus was to reformat information to restore sight to the blind. They reported limited success as some of their research subjects claim to "see" words in their mind while reading them in Braille.

81. Peterson, 293.

82. Henry Petroski, To Engineer is Human (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989), 216.

83. Craig A. Rogers, "Intelligent Materials," Scientific American 273, no. 3 (September 1995): 123.

84. Ibid., 124.

85. Thomas, 38-42.

86. Ivan Amato, "Animating the Material World," Science 225 (17 January 1996): 284-286.

87. Thomas, 40.

88. Petroski, 211.

89. Thomas, 39; New World Vistas, (unpublished draft, the human systems and biotechnology volume), F-1.

90. New World Vistas, (unpublished draft, the human systems and biotechnology volume), F-2.

91. Thomas., 40.

92. Ibid., 41.

93. Negroponte, 128.

94. Peterson, 63.

95. Ibid., 41.

96. Bill Sherman, "NCSA Virtual Reality Lab & CAVE," On-line, Internet, 18 February 1996, available from http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/VR/VR.html. The laboratory is located at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

97. NCSA VRL, Electronic Visualization Lab, University of Illinois at Chicago, "The CAVE: A Virtual Reality Theater," On-line, Internet, 18 February1996, available from http://www.ncsa.uiuc.edu/EVL/docs/html/CAVE.html.

98. Ibid.

99. New World Vistas, (unpublished draft, the information technology volume), C-6-C-7.

100. Peterson, 46.

101. Ibid. 32.

102. A senior US Air Force policymaker lecture given to the 2025 Study under the promise of nonattribution.

103. George I. Zysman, "Wireless Networks," Scientific American 273, no. 3 (September 1995): 51.

104. Negroponte, 64.

105. Negroponte, 64.

106. New World Vistas, (unpublished draft, the information technology volume), 38.

107. Thomas, 41.

108. Special thanks to MSgt Gordon Morrison, CADRE/EDECT, The Extension Course Institute, Air University, Gunter Annex, Maxwell AFB, Ala., for his depiction and creation of the "Cyber Situation," 25 March 1996.

109. 2025 Concept, No. 900702, "Implanted Tactical Information Display," 2025 Concepts Database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).

110. 2025 Concept, No. 200169, 2025 Concepts Database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).

111. Peter Grier, "New World Vistas," Air Force Magazine, March 1996, 20.

112. Anonymous assessor comment on 2025 Concept Identification 900702, 2025 Concept Database (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).

113. John L. Peterson, The Road to 2015, Waite Group Press (Corte Madera, Calif. 1994), 63.

114. Col Joseph A. Engelbrecht, Jr., 2025 research director, and professor of Conflict and Change, Air War College, Maxwell AFB, Ala., personal interview with Major Whitehead, 17 March 1996. Colonel Engelbrecht explains that "Eliminating human biases may be impossible. Since the decision is reserved for the commander or decision maker, the potential for bias may always remain. On the other hand, communication theory and prospect theory from psychology suggest the importance of how the message is "framed." Framing the message can set up a bias in the human receiver. Thus, potentially, technology should be able to help by providing alternate frames or contexts or highlighting a perspective highly relevant for the data and circumstance. While designing the technology to meet the challenge may be difficult, if it is not pursued humans may be trapped in a noisy cacophony of inputs that become screened or skewed simply because little progress has been made in human-machine interfaces."

115. Anonymous assessor comment on 2025 Paper Draft (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 1996).

116. Paul Moscarelli, Strategic Structures Course Book, vol 2, Operational Analysis: An Overview (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1995), 522-23.

117. Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (New York: Vintage Books, 1995), 33.

118. Martin C. Libicki, The Mesh and the Net (Washington, D. C.: National Defense University Press, 1994), 3. Libicki defines mesh as "the term applied to military applications-points to the holes; as information technology places a finer mesh atop the battlefield, more objects are caught in it."

119. Ibid., 33.

120. Air Force Scientific Advisory Board members, review and comments from 2025 Concept Briefings (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air War College/2025, 5 February 1996).

121. Ibid., 19-37.

122. Negroponte, 154-56.

123. Vincent W. S. Chan, "All-Optical Networks," Scientific American 273, no. 3 (September 1995): 57-58.

124. Michael J. Muolo, Space Handbook: Space Analyst's Guide, vol 2 (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, December 1993), 13-14.

125. SPACECAST 2020, "Leveraging the Infospace: Surveillance and Reconnaissance in 2020" (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, June 1994), 1.

126. Jeffrey R. Barnett, Future War: An Assessment of Aerospace Campaigns in 2010 (Maxwell AFB, Ala.: Air University Press, 1996), 6.

127. Institute for National Strategic Studies, Strategic Assessment 1995: US Security Challenges in Transition (Washington, D. C.: National Defense University Press, November 1994), 16.

128. Robert Allan Doughty, The Breaking Point: Sedan and the Fall of France, 1940 (Hamden, Conn.: Archon Books, 1990), 3.

129. Joint War-fighting Center Doctrine Division, War-fighting Vision 2010: A Framework For Change (Langley AFB, Va.: 1 August 1995), 2.