August 7, 1996: Life on Mars! What'sNEW | Viking | ALH84001 | Nanobes

A NASA research team of scientists at the Johnson Space Center and at Stanford University has found evidence that strongly suggests primitive life may have existed on Mars more than 3.6 billion years ago. — NASA, 7 August 1996 (1).

When one calculates the likelihood of life's origin by chance, one finds that it is extremely low. Originating by chance, life elsewhere in the universe would be rare. Actually, Darwinists are not sure how unlikely extraterrestrial life is. They agree it's probably rare, but if it is too rare, that weakens the case for its by-chance origin on Earth. Richard Dawkins allows three possibilities: life is likely to arise only 1) once per universe, 2) once per galaxy, or 3) once per solar system (2). Others such as John Barrow and Frank Tipler in The Anthropic Cosmological Principle say firmly, "...the universe has to be as big as it is in order to support just one lonely outpost of life" (3). "...The consensus of modern evolutionists is that the evolution of life on Earth ...is so improbable that it is most unlikely to occur elsewhere in our galaxy" (4). Common sense says that if life begins by chance, it's rare.

Cosmic Ancestry predicts that life will be found anywhere it can get a toehold. If it exists on one planet, other planets orbiting the same star were very likely exposed to it. Therefore, Cosmic Ancestry predicts that other planets within our own solar system should show evidence of life. Now, of course, after David McKay's team from NASA published its findings (5), it looks like a pretty safe bet that Mars once had life. Intriguing photos like the one above and others, showing what NASA believes are fossilized "nanobacteria," were abetted by analyses of chemical layers that are best explained by biological activity.

Levin

Maybe Mars even has life today. The evidence sent back from Mars by two Viking Landers in 1976 and 1977 was not clearcut (6). In fact, NASA's first press release about the Viking tests announced that the results were positive. The "Labelled Release" (LR) experiments had given positive results. But after lengthy discussions in which Carl Sagan participated, NASA reversed its position, mainly because another experiment detected no organics in the soil. Yet Gilbert V. Levin, the principal designer of the LR experiment, still believes the tests pointed to life on Mars (7). When the same two experiments were run on soil from Antarctica, the same conflicting results were obtained (LR - positive; organics - negative.) Soil from Antarctica definitely contains life. The test for organics was negative because it is far less sensitive than the LR experiment. The same problem could have caused the organics test on Mars to give a false negative.

It is interesting to remember that before oxygen could accumulate in Earth's atmosphere, all the exposed iron had to rust. During that process, lasting hundreds of millions of years, Earth was also a red planet. Could the oxygen that rusted the iron on Mars have been produced biologically? Could life on Mars have simply "run out of steam" after that stage of its development?

Comparison of predictions: Darwinsm and Cosmic Ancestry

Darwinism and life on Mars:	Cosmic Ancestry and life on Mars:
Some Darwinists, like Dawkins, will be surprised if Mars has life at all. If it does, the form it takes is unconstrained by the theory. In a paper presented to The Lunar and Planetary Society in Houston Texas, 17-21 March 1997 (9) A.H. Treiman suggests,	Fred Hoyle thought the evidence for life on Mars was pretty good (10) even before NASA's 1996 announcement. Following the order of Treiman's points, Cosmic Ancestry predicts:
"Cells might not divide...	Cells will divide as on Earth.
"Biochemical pathways might be unrecognizable...	Some biochemical pathways might be unrecognizable, as some are on Earth.
"Biomolecules might not be homochiral...	Biomolecules will be homochiral, with righthanded nucleotides and lefthanded amino acids.
"Cells might not be necessary...	Cells will be necessary. This point is the foundation of Cosmic Ancestry.
"Genetic coding might be different...	Genetic coding might vary slightly from that on Earth, just as there are minor variations among the codings actually found on Earth.
"Genetic material might be different.... Very speculatively, might the genetic templates even be inorganic?"	The DNA- RNA- protein system will be conserved, and martian ribosomes will resemble earthly ones.

Unfortunately, even if life on Mars is just like life on Earth, that won't prove to everyone the case for Cosmic Ancestry. It could be taken as evidence for a weaker form of panspermia variously called "impact panspermia," "ballistic panspermia," or "litho-panspermia," in which cells are carried to neighboring planets on the debris generated by major impacts (11). (This idea was prominently mentioned following NASA's August 7, 1996, announcement — maybe life originated there instead of here.) Ignoring panspermia altogether, martian life with the same system as ours could be used as evidence that the origin of our kind of life, from chemicals, is easy after all. The Darwinian paradigm is tenacious.

One benefit of the recent analysis of the Mars meteorite is an improvement in methods of analyzing meteorites for the presence of fossils. It would be interesting to use the new methods on carbonaceous chondites — meteorites not from Mars but from spent comets, most likely. Examples are the Murchison, Orgueil, Ivuna or Allende meteorites, where earlier researchers using older methods have already seen what they believed to be fossils. Fortunately, this effort is already under way, with very interesting results announced on July 29, 1997, in San Diego, by NASA scientist Richard Hoover (12).

What'sNEW

Committee on Preventing the Forward Contamination of Mars, National Research Council, Preventing the Forward Contamination of Mars [

link], 180 pages, The National Academies Press, 2005.
What Caused the Martian Floods?, by Mason Inman, ScienceNow, 22 Jul 2005.
20 July 2005: Frozen water on Mars may be 200 meters thick on the floor of a crater; and more about Methane there.
8 June 2005: Mars' methane not from life?
Wading in Martian Water, Astrobiology Magazine, 2 May 2005.
19 Apr 2005: Methane may come from life on Mars.
18 Mar 2005: Fresh-looking snow on Mars.
Warming Up to a Martian Carcass (methane from decaying past life?), by Leslie Mullen, Astrobiology Magazine, 16 Mar 2005.
15 Mar 2005: A frozen ocean on Mars today?
24 Feb 2005: Bacteria frozen for 30,000 years revived as soon as they thawed, according to Richard Hoover....
Formaldehyde claim inflames martian debate, by Mark Pepow, news@nature.com, 25 Feb 2005.
Mars may have a frozen sea, by Philip Ball, news@nature.com, 22 Feb 2005.
Frozen sea discovered near Martian equator from 3D images of Mars Express, University College London, 22 Feb 2005.
Martian water clues go wider and deeper, by David L Chandler, NewScientist.com, 18 Feb 2005.
16 Feb 2005: Formaldehyde on Mars.
Rovers spot strange shapes on Mars, by Leonard David, MSNBC, 14 Feb 2005.
Is There Life on Mars? Looking for Rock Solid Evidence, by Leonard David, Space.com, 14 Feb 2005.
Martian Methane Mystery, Astrobiology Magazine, 9 Feb 2005.
29 Dec 2004: Methane on Mars.
13 Dec 2004: Panspermia and life on Mars.
Proof of Water, Astrobiology Magazine, 7 Dec 2004.
The Martian Methane Surprise: Interview with Mike Mumma, Astrobiology Magazine, 6 Dec 2004.
24 Nov 2004: Methane on Mars.
More Evidence for Methane on Mars, RedNova, 22 Nov 2004.
Not finding life? Dig deeper, EurekAlert!, 18 Nov 2004.
Water from a Stone, by D. Bish et al., Astrobiology Magazine, 15 Nov 2004.
Mars Gullies Likely Formed By Underground Aquifers, by Leonard David, Space.com, 12 Nov 2004.
Richard A. Kerr, "Heavy Breathing on Mars?" [summary], p 29 v 306 Science, 1 Oct 2004.
4 Oct 2004: 36th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, League City, Texas, 14-18 March 2005.
A picture of young Mars: Reconstruction of the red planet's past reveals acid rain and briny seas, by Mark Peplow, News@Nature.com, 22 Sep 2004.
24 Sep 2004: Water vapor and methane concentrations are correlated in Mars' lower atmosphere.
31 Aug 2004: Changing spots on Mars.
Kenneth Chang, "Mars Rover Finds Mysterious Rocks and More Signs of Water" [text], The New York Times, 19 Aug 2004.
The search for life on Mars: more about methane there, by Mark Peplow, news@nature.com, 27 Jul 2004.
The Red Planet – Dead Or Alive? re: "more effective and robust systems for detecting 'biomarkers'," ScienceDaily.com, 15 Jun 2004.
Bringing Mars Home: edited testimony of Michael Carr, President's Commission on the Moon, Mars and Beyond, Astrobiology Magazine, 11 May 2004.
MarsLife.com, "News & Comments on the life of Mars," frequently updated.
19 Apr 2004: Mars may have life today (The New York Times).
2 Apr 2004: ESA detects methane on Mars.
Mineral in Mars 'Berries' Adds to Water Story, JPL, NASA, 18 Mar 2004.
Water at Martian south pole, European Space Agency, 17 Mar 2004.
2 Mar 2004: Meridiani Planum was wet.
What on Mars, serious images of Mars.
Rovers Find Hints of Water in Soil Below Martian Surface, by Thomas H. Maugh II, Los Angeles Times, 20 Feb 2004.
P. C. W. Davies, "Does Life's Rapid Appearance Imply a Martian Origin?" [abstract], p 673-679 v 3 n 4, Astrobiology, Winter 2003.
25 Jan 2004: Mars Rover "Opportunity" returns pictures.
24 Jan 2004: Mars Rover "Spirit" continues to malfunction.
Mars Express sees its first water, European Space Agency, 23 Jan 2004.
Oliver Morton, "Mars Revisited" [link], p 2-32 v 205, National Geographic, Jan 2004.
Missions to Mars, Nature ongoing report, 2003.
4 Jan 2004: Rover "Spirit" bounced safely onto Mars.
UF Researchers Preparing to Send Life to Mars, by Tim Lockette, University of Florida News, 22 Dec 2003.
James W. Head et al., "Recent Ice Ages on Mars" [abstract], p 797-802 v 426, Nature, 18/25 Dec 2003.
Down That Long Dusty Trail, by Usha Sutliff, USC News Service, 12 Dec 2003.
2003, November 14: Water flowed on Mars for long times.
2003, November 13: Europe's Mars sample return mission.
2003, November 5: More changing spots on Mars....
2003, November 4: Mudflows on Mars....
Martian Chronicles II: Mission Loss, Astrobiology Magazine, 01 Oct 2003.
What Iron Can Tell Us about Mars, by Stephen Hart, SpaceDaily.com, 29 Sep 2003.
2003, September 16: A river in Spain may model Mars' environment.
Red planet's hue due to meteors, not water, by Hazel Muir, NewScientist.com, 4 Sep 2003.
Gullied Slopes on Mars, by Linda M.V. Martel, Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, 29 Aug 2003.
2003, August 25: Could alien pathogens wreak havoc on our world?
2003, August 22: How wet was Mars?
Martian warm spots could be towers of ice, by Rachel Nowak, NewScientist.com, 25 July 2003.
Los Alamos releases new maps of Mars water, by Nancy Ambrosiano and Jim Danneskiold, Los Alamos National Laboratory, 24 July 2003.
Ancient Floodwaters and Seas on Mars, by Linda M. V. Martel, Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, 16 July 2003.
Mars: Winds of Change, Astrobiology Magazine, 12 July 2003.
Mars Dust, Science@NASA, 9 July 2003.
2003, July 8: NASA launches the second Mars Rover....
NASA's Odyssey Orbiter Watches a Frosty Mars, JPL, NASA, 26 June 2003.
2003, June 3: European Mars Express space probe is on the way to Mars.
2003, May 29: Mud flows on Mars?
Launch of New NASA Mars Rover Pushed Back, The Associated Press, 28 May 2003.
Robert Kunzig, "Mars Express," p 34-42 v 24 Discover, May 2003.
Hitchhikers May Have Thumbed A Ride to Mars, by Leslie Mullen, Astrobiology Magazine, 9 Apr 2003; based on "Potassium Ferrate [Fe(VI)] does not mediate self-sterilization of a surrogate Martian soil" [abstract], by Ronald L. Crawford et al., in BMC Microbiology, 6 March 2003.
2003, March 31: Changing dark spots on Mars biological?
2003, March 29: More about the fresh dark streaks on Mars.
Pasteur: Payload Opportunities to Search for Life on Mars, European Space Agency (ESA), 27 Mar 2003.
Faulty component delays Mars Express launch by Will Knight, NewScientist.com, 18 Mar 2003.
2003, March 14: Water flowing on Mars now?
Gray Iron Oxide on Mars by Linda M.V. Martel, Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, 13 Mar 2003.
Red Rovers: Returning to Mars by Henry Bortman, Astrobiology Magazine, 12 Mar 2003.
Richard A. Kerr, "New Front-Runner for Carving Martian Gullies" [summary], p 1294 v 299 Science, 28 Feb 2003. "Lingering snow patches might harbor life still."
Philip R. Christensen, "Formation of recent martian gullies through melting of extensive water-rich snow deposits" [abstract], doi:10.1038/nature01436 Nature AOP, published online 19 Feb 2003.
Timothy N. Titus et al., "Exposed Water Ice Discovered near the South Pole of Mars" [abstract], p 1048-1051 v 299 Science, 14 Feb 2003; and Supporting material for Science paper press release by Shane Byrne and Andrew Ingersoll, Arizona State University.
Victoria E. Hamilton et al., "...Volcanism or aqueous alteration on Mars?" [abstract], p 711-712 v 421 Nature, 13 Feb 2003.
2003, February 5: Small gullies on Mars caused by water?
2003, January 29: A discussion of panspermia.
Early Mars: Oceans Away? by David Tenenbaum, Astrobiology Magazine, 27 Jan 2003.
Mars and the Final Four [possible landing sites], NASA, JPL, 14 Jan 2003.
2002, December 9: Mars Updates -- NASA announced that Marvel...
Ready to Dig the Dirt on Mars, The University of Leicester, November 2002.
How Life Might Have Formed in Martian Impact Craters, by David Tenenbaum, Space.com, 19 Nov 2002.
Why a Mars Rock Hits Earth Every Month, by Robert Roy Britt, Space.com, 7 Nov 2002.
Mars's Hidden Glaciers, Academic Press Daily InScight, 30 Oct 2002.
Martian water is prime candidate [to have made gullies], by David Whitehouse, BBCNews, 29 Oct 2002.
2002, October 30: Paul Davies thinks life came from Mars.
2002, Sep 25: Bacteria evolved on Mars?
No place for life to hide from Mars Express, ESA, 3 Sep 2002.
The Wet, Oxidizing Crust of Mars by G. Jeffrey Taylor, Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, 30 Aug 2002.
Russian scientists set ambitious Mars mission for 2007, Agence France-Presse, SpaceDaily, 20 Aug 2002.
Microorganisms Grow at Low Pressure, Implying Possible Life on Mars', University of Arkansas, 15 Aug 2002.
Mars Exploration Program Landing Sites, NASA
No bugs please, this is a clean planet!, ESA, 30 July 2002.
2002, July 31: Mars sample return?
Worlds of Life Beyond Earth, by Pat Shell, SpaceDaily, 11 June 2002.
2002, May 29: Lots of water on Mars!
Probability of alien life rises, by Jeff Hecht, New Scientist, 19 May 2002.
The Tricky Business of Identifying Rocks on Mars, by G. Jeffrey Taylor, Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, 22 May 2002.
Study Urges Caution on Mars Trip, by Randolph E. Schmid, AP, LATimes.com, 1 May 2002.
No Green Seen on the Red Planet, by David L. Chandler, Astronomy.com, 21 Apr 2002.
New Mars model says 'no' to life, The University of Melbourne, via UniNEWS Vol 11 #8, 8 April 2002.
Life on Mars hopes raised, by David Whitehouse, BBCNewsOnline, 5 Apr 2002.
Martian spots warrant a close look, European Space Agency, 13 Mar 2002.
2002, Mar 12: Mars -- We're Back!.
Mars May Have Vast Quantities of Ice, by Andrew Bridges, Los Angeles Times, 1 Mar 2002.
2002, Feb 26: Recent floods on Mars.
Life On Mars: Native, Or Carried There From Earth?, by Jim Barlow, UniSci, 19 Feb 2002.
2002, January 31: More about the changing dark spots on Mars. See also:
MOC ...image E05-00762: Defrosting dune survey on plain [but they look like vegetation!] with links to higher resolution images, Malin Space Science Systems, released 7 May 2002.
Newly Discovered Antarctic Microbes Suggest Life Is Possible In Terrains on Mars, by Lori Stiles, the University of Arizona, 14 Jan 2002.
2001, December 15: Mars may have formed with enough water to cover its entire globe to a depth of 1¼ kilometers.
John Noble Wilford, "Mars Orbiter Sees a Climate That's in Flux" [text], The New York Times, 7 Dec 2001.
...Differences In The Early Evolution Of ...Earth, Mars..., by F. Westall and A Brack, Eos Trans. AGU, 82 (47), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract P22B-0542, 10-14 Dec 2001.
New Evidence Suggests Mars Had Water, by Paul Recer, Los Angeles Times, 29 Nov 2001.
Peter R. Buseck et al., "Magnetite morphology and life on Mars" [abstract], p 13490-13495 v 98 n 24 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 20 November 2001. Challenges the biological interpretation.
Larry O'Hanlon, "The Outrageous Hypothesis" p 664-666 v 413, Nature, 18 October 2001. Did CO2 carve the gullies on Mars?
Ancient, Gigantic Drainage Basin Became Aquifer on Mars, by Lori Stiles, University of Arizona, 9 Oct 2001.
2001 Odyssey Mission to Mars, Space.com, undated Special Report.
2001, October 2: Mars sample return strategies...
Inflating Mars by Morris Jones, SpaceDaily, 11 September 2001.
2001, September 7: Dark spots which spread every Martian spring could prove there is life on Mars.
Evidence of Recent Climate Change on Mars, NASA's Astrobiology Institute, 7 Sep 2001.
Why Microbes Matter by David M. Warmflash, SpaceDaily, 4 September 2001.
Plenty of Water on Mars by Susan Loden, SpaceDaily, 31 August 2001.
2001, August 31: Europeans will seek water on Mars.
Having a Ball on Mars from the ARC Astrobiology Institute, [publicised] 22 Aug 2001.
Water on Mars: Not So Ancient, After All from the ARC Astrobiology Institute, [publicised] 16 Aug 2001.
2001, July 31: The Astrobiology Conference in San Diego
recent news from the JSC Astrobiology Institute for the study of biomarkers.
Evidence of icy region and recent climate change observed on Mars, Brown Univesity News Service, 26 July 2001.
Life On Mars: Swimming Right Under the Surface?, by Robert Roy Britt, Space.com, 24 July 2001.
Dust storm heats Mars by 30C, Science@NASA, 16 July 2001.
John VanDecar and Karl Ziemelis, "Mars" [text] p 201 v 412, Nature Insight, 12 July 2001. Intro with links to six more articles about Mars.
Researcher: Mars rock varnish hints of life, by Richard Stenger, CNN.com, 2 July 2001.
Electronic Astrobiology Newsletter, from "Marsbugs, 18 June 2001. Several news items about Mars.
A Pregnancy Test for Mars, by Roberta Friedman, NASA's Astrobiology Institute, 18 June 2001.
Swiss Discover Mars Meteorite, Excite.com/News, 15 June 2001.
Outflow Channels May Make a Case for a Bygone Ocean on Mars, by Linda M.V. Martel, Hawai'i Institute of Geophysics and Planetology, 14 June 2001.
NASA selects candidates for 2007 mission to Mars, CNN.com/Space, 13 June 2001.
Swept Away: Evidence of Erosion on Mars, NASA Ames, [posted] 13 June 2001.
2001, June 13: A Mars meteorite contains water; and "rootless cones" on Mars.
Tony Reichhardt. "Mars rock samples condemned to quarantine" p 625 v 417 Nature, 7 June 2001.
2001, May 29: Any samples returned from Mars must be quarantined.
...Canadian Space Agency Announces Major Mars Initiative, by Chandra Clarke, SpaceRef.com, 25 May 2001.
...Bold New Proposals for Exploring The Red Planet, by Leonard David, Space.com, 21 May 2001.
Mars Explorers to Benefit from Australian Research, by Michael Paine, Space.com, 15 May 2001.
Humans Could Set Foot On Mars By 2020, SpaceDaily.com, 9 May 2001.
2001, May 1: Two web stories on Mars
Colorful Water Clouds Over Mars, Astronomy Picture of the Day, 17 April 2001.
2001, April 7: NASA's Mars Odyssey spacecraft was launched...
Richard A. Kerr. "Rethinking Water on Mars and the Origin of Life" [summary], p 39-40 v 292 Science, 6 April 2001.
2001, April 2: Carbon dioxide made gullies on Mars?
The Lure of Hematite, Science@NASA, 28 March 2001.
Mars or Europa: Where Does Life Exist?, by Robert Roy Britt, Space.com, 28 March 2001.
2001, March 28: British mission may return first Mars sample.
Can Liquid Water Exist on Present-day Mars?, NASA Astrobiology Institute Update for 26 March 2001.
Spy Agency May Have Located Mars Polar Lander, by Leonard David, Space.com, 19 March 2001.
2001, March 16: New Mars [From the 32nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference]
2001, March 7: The 32nd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, March 12-16, Houston, TX.
John D. Rummel. "Planetary exploration in the time of astrobiology: Protecting against biological contamination" [abstract], p 2128-2131 v 98 n 5 Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 27 February 2001.
2001, January 31: Where to land on Mars / National Geographic.
Life on Mars? New Research in Arkansas, by Suzi Parker, The Christian Science Monitor, 30 January 2001.
Henry Fountain. "Clues on Martian Water," The New York Times, 30 January 2001.
2001, January 30: Jupiter-like planets may be needed for life on smaller ones.
Martian Ice Puts Arizona Scientist In The Groove, SpaceDaily, 17 January 2001.
New Evidence Suggests Mars Has Been Cold and Dry: "Red Planet" Abundant with Green Minerals, USGS pressrelease, October 2000.
MOC Image m0803500, Mars Global Surveyor, [n.d.] This image shows plumes and shadows on Mars that may be a geyser field.
Mars' Magnetic Patchwork May Protect Atmosphere, SpaceDaily.com, 18 December 2000.
2000, December 12: Present-day liquid water on Mars?
Mars Probes Take On Tough Challenges, by Leonard David, SpaceViews.com, 29 November 2000. Sample return pushed back to 2014.
2000, December 3: Ancient sea or lake beds on Mars?
Look inside Mars’ frosty craters, MSNBC.com, 27 November 2000.
Recent Lakes on Mars, about work by Nathalie Cabrol, NASA's Astrobiology Institute.
2000, November 16: The European Space Agency reports on Mars.
Mars may still rumble [active volcanoes?], by David Whitehouse, BBC News, 6 November 2000.
Humans On Mars: NASA on the Defensive, Space.com, 6 November 2000.
2000, November 9: Ancient Bacteria in Salt Crystals on Mars?
Mars sample return plan carries microbial risk, group warns, by Richard Stenger, CNN.com, 7 November 2000.
2000, October 27: NASA announces new Mars program.
2000, October 23: An astrobiologist's recommendations for Mars.
Conference On The Geophysical Detection Of Subsurface Water On Mars, 6-10 August 2001, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, Texas.
NASA Warms to Living on Mars, by Leander Kahney, Wired.com, 11 October 2000.
2000, October 2: NASA's new Mars plan to be announced this month.
Origin of Salts in the Dry Valleys of Antarctica Provide Clues to Atmospheric Depositions on Mars, UCSD, 27 September 2000.
2000, September 26: Organic Pigments on Mars?
2000, September 20: Mars appears to have a huge underground ice reservoir.
Experiment Shows Mars Needs to Take Antioxidants for Life, JPL/NASA, 14 September 2000.
2000, September 15: ESA's Beagle 2 to touch down in Mars' Isidis Basin.
New Clues About Martian Meteorites Baffle Scientists, by Greg Clark, Space.com, 30 Aug 2000.
2000, August 22: Renewed interest in liquid water on Mars.
2000, August 17: NASA satellite detects water vapor... and
2000, August 17: Mars Society to sponsor life-detecting microscope aboard ESA's Mars Express.
2000, August 10: NASA will send twin rovers to Mars.
Dry floods on Mars, Exoscience, 5 August 2000.
2000, July 21: Scientists divided over timing of Mars sample return; and Active volcanoes on Mars.
Quietly, Evidence Mounts for Active Volcanism and Water On Mars, by Greg Clark, Space.com, 19 July 2000.
Mars: Take the Long Road, by Andrew Bridges, Space.com, 16 July 2000.
The Need For Mars Mission Exobiologists, by Barry E. DiGregorio, SpaceDaily, 16 July 2000, and
2000, July 4: Could Mars' recent gullies have been made by gas?
Mars Sample Return: The Medium-Lift Approach, by Morris Jones, SpaceDaily.com, 1 July 2000.
2000, June 28: More about water on Mars.
2000, June 21: NASA may see brackish water seeping from beneath the surface of Mars.
MarsDaily.com, part of SpaceDaily.com.
The Martian Landscape, NASA History Office, 9 June 2000.
2000, May 24: Beagle 2 -- a tiny Mars lander aboard ESA's Mars Express...
2000, May 18: A report from a recent "Life Detection" workshop [in the "Marsbugs" newsletter].
Could Mars Have Ever Supported Life?, by Bruce Moomaw, SpaceViews, 2 May 2000.
2000, March 28: NASA's report on the recent Mars mission failures...
2000, March 19: The Mars sample return mission is postponed.
View Inside Mars Reveals Rapid Cooling and Buried Channels, by Michael Starobin, Goddard Space Flight Center, NASA, 13 March 2000.
How to spot a Martian, by Philip Ball, Nature: science update, 2 March 2000.
2000, February 12: Chandra Wickramasinghe and Barry DiGregorio chat with Laura Lee.
Marsbugs: The Electronic Astrobiology Newsletter.
2000, February 1: Two new Mars meteorites found.
William J. Broad. "Evidence Builds That Mars Lander Is Source of Mystery Signal," The New York Times, 1 February 2000.
2000, January 28: Russia plans space probe to Mars in 2005.
1999, December 31: Astrobiologists will send bacteria into space and back.
Mars Sample Return, the NASA website.
1999, December 10: More evidence for past ocean on Mars.
1999, December 7: Are Martian Germs Dangerous?
Sharon Begley. "The New Search for Life on Mars," (cover story) p 54-60 Newsweek, 6 December 1999.
1999, December 5: Silence from Mars Polar Lander.
Mars Missions: News and Information, from JPL, NASA.
The Astrobiology, Extreme Environments and Terraformation Index, by David J. Thomas, creator of "Marsbugs: The Electronic Astrobiology Newsletter." Lots of good links.
Pioneers Aim for Mars, by Kurt Anderson, The Christian Science Monitor, 20 October 1999. Internet version on ABCNews.com, 21 October 1999. A case for colonizing Mars.
Mars or Bust (meeting brief), by Sibylle Hechtel, issue 64 HMSBeagle, 15 October 1999.
1999, October 7: More microbes survive in space.
1999, September 23: NASA loses contact with Mars Orbiter.
Does Mars Hide Vast Water Deposits, by Johann Helgason, SpaceDaily.com, 21 September 1999.
Mars News, an excellent site sponsored by The Mars Society.
Mars mound might have been built by microbes, by Lou Bergeron, New Scientist, 2 September 1999.
Life on Mars?: Polar Lander Continues the Search, Discovery Channel Online, 1999.
1999, June 27: ESA's Mars Express will be launched in June 2003.
Scientists Grow Methanogens Under Mars-Like Conditions, UniSci 02 June 1999.
1999, May 28: The first global three-dimensional map of Mars shows likely former ocean basin.
1999, May 27: Search for life on Mars will start in Siberia.
Green light to Red Planet-- The European Space Agency (ESA) has given the final go-ahead to the Mars Express mission. BBC News, 24 May 1999.
1999, May 19: A giant cyclone on Mars confirms water there.
1999, April 29: Pictures of magnetic field reversals on Mars show that tectonic plates there have moved.
1999, January 12: NASA has published its Astrobiology Roadmap.
1999, January 11: Barry DiGregorio writes about ICAMSR in "Replies...".
1999, January 9: A mission to look for water in the south polar regions of Mars lifted off successfully.
1998, June 26: Microbial life discovered two meters below permanent ice in Antarctica.
1998, May 27: Mars Orbiter Camera shows probable ponding within a southern hemisphere crater.
1998, May 27: Hematite deposits on Mars most likely created by hydrothermal vents or evaporated seas.
1998, April 11: A huge rock formation on Mars may be a giant fossil left billions of year ago by microbes.
1998, March 20: The 29th Lunar and Planetary Conference (LPSC), March 16-20 1998.
1998, February 14: Rocks on Mars appear to be coated with "desert varnish."
1998, January 29: NASA must spend millions to upgrade equipment for analyzing samples from Mars.
1998, January 15: France may take part in a US expedition to collect samples of Martian rock.
1997, November 22: NASA scientists now say that Mars may still support life.

What'sNEW: Viking

Spherix founder looks to heavens for future of science, by C. Benjamin Ford, The Gazette (Maryland), 13 Feb 2004.
...An Interview With Dr. Gilbert Levin [see figure], by Barry E. DiGregorio, 17 Nov 2003.
Rafael Navarro-González et al., "Mars-Like Soils in the Atacama Desert, Chile, and the Dry Limit of Microbial Life" [abstract], p 1018-1021 v 302, Science, 7 Nov 2003. "...Active decomposition of organic species ...by nonbiological processes."
2003, September 15: A freezing cold Mars could have supported life.
...New Evidence For Liquid Water..., by Gilbert V. Levin, Spherix Inc., 29 July 2003.
2003, June 24: An in-depth commentary on the Viking mission's tests for life on Mars is posted.
I Found Life on Mars in 1976, Scientist Says, by Stefan Lovgren, National Geographic News,11 June 2003.
The Viking Files, Astrobiology Magazine, 3 June 2003.
Historic Mars lander 'did find life', by Helen Briggs, BBC News Online, 29 May 2003.
Viking Data Still Cause Stir About Mars Life by Michael Paine, Space.com, 5 September 2001.
2001, July 20: Twenty-fifth Anniversary of Viking's Landing on Mars.
Rethinking Viking: The Life on Mars Debate Rages On, by Leonard David, Space.com, 20 July 2001.
2001, February 7: More about Viking LR experiment on Mars.
2001, February 2: Biological interpretation of Viking LR experiment can no longer be ruled out.
New Information Supports Claim Viking Discovered Life in 1976, SpaceDaily, 1 August 2000.
Viking Data May Hide New Evidence For Life, by Barry E. DiGregorio, SpaceDaily, 16 July 2000.
Viking Orbiter Views of Mars, NASA History Office, 9 June 2000.
2000, May 19: Do rhythms in the 1976-1977 Viking data point to life?
2000, March 18: Organics on Mars may have left traces overlooked by the Viking landers.
Liquid water and life on Mars, by Gilbert V. Levin and Ron L. Levin, Biospherics Incorporated, 1998.
1997, October 5: A new book by Barry DiGregorio gives a behind-the-scenes account....

What'sNEW: ALH84001

Mars Has Been In Deep Freeze For Past Four Billion Years..., SpaceDaily, 19 Jul 2005.
The Other Mars Meteorite, Astrobiology Magazine, 15 Sep 2004.
29 Jan 2004: The case for past life on Mars is bolstered by Australian scientists....
A Case for Life on Mars, SpaceDaily, 11 Sep 2002.
Breathing Life Into Old Martian Rocks, SpaceDaily, 22 Aug 2002.
Press Releases and Publications about ALH84001, JSC Astrobiology Institute for the study of Biomarkers, [latest publication] 5 Aug 2002.
2002, August 3: NASA team reinforces case for biological magnetites in ALH84001
Magnetite on Mars Meeting, NASA Ames Research Center, 4-5 June 2002.
2002, May 14: Magnetites in Mars meteorite nonbiological?
2002, Mar 15: The biological nature of the magnetites in ALH84001 is still in dispute....
Doubts About ALH84001: The JSC Mars Meteorite Team Responds, from NASA's Astrobiology Institute, [publicised] 3 Dec 2001. "The Buseck et al. paper appears to be little more than a poorly disguised advertisement for the technique of electron tomography...."
2001, February 27: The case for Martian bacteria grows stronger.
2000, December 13: Evidence for magnetotactic bacteria on Mars.
New results on Martian meteorite..., by Robert Tindol, Caltech Media Relatins, 26 October 2000.
ALH 84001 Evidence Grows Weaker, by Bruce Moomaw, SpaceDaily.com, 11 April 2000.
2000, January 10: Mars meteorite contains biologically produced magnetites?
Life on Mars --The Evidence Grows, by Greg Clark Space.com, 13 August 1999.
1999, July 21: New evidence of fossilized bacteria in two Martian meteorites presented.
1999, March 19: Other meteorites may show life on Mars.
1998, November 30: Scientific consensus for the Mars microbes is weakening.
1998, July 25: David S. McKay continues to see evidence for life on Mars, and Gil Levin sees water there.
1998, April 18: A meteorite from northern Africa may strengthen the case for ancient life on Mars.
1997, December 4: The debate over the evidence for past life on Mars continues.

What'sNEW: Nanobes

Nanobacteria in clouds could spread disease, scientists claim, by Chandra Wickramasinghe, MediLexicon, 7 Apr 2005.
Are Nanobacteria Making Us Ill?, by Amit Asaravala, Wired News, 14 Mar 2005.
Nanobacteria revelations provoke new controversy, by Jenny Hogan, New Scientist, 22 May 2004.
2003, August 6: Just balls of protein?
2003, March 24: Nanobacteria continue to puzzle science.
Martian rock 'does contain life', David Whitehouse, BBCNews, 23 Oct 2002.
More evidence for 'nanobes' -- "Philippa Uwins of the University of Queensland announced at a conference in Adelaide on Monday that she had confirmed the presence of DNA in ...'nanobes'," 19 Dec 2001.
2001, July 9: NAI considers nanobes.
2000, May 16: Proceedings of a conference on nanobacteria, October 22-23, 1998.
2000, April 21: Nanobacteria continue to surprise microbiologists.
2000, March 9: The nanofossils in Tatahouine are biological.
Do nanobacteria rule Earth and Mars?, by David Whitehouse, BBCNews Online, 22 March 1999.

References

1. Meteorite Yields Evidence of Primitive Life on Early Mars, NASA News Release 96-160, 7 August 1996.
2. Richard Dawkins, The Blind Watchmaker, W.W. Norton and Company, 1987. p 164.
3. John D. Barrow and Frank J. Tipler. The Anthropic Cosmological Principle, Oxford University Press, 1986. p 19.
4. John D. Barrow and Frank J. Tipler. The Anthropic Cosmological Principle, Oxford University Press, 1986. p 124.
5. David S. McKay, Everett K. Gibson Jr., Kathie L. Thomas-Keprta, Hojatollah Vali, Christopher S. Romanek, Simon J. Clemett, Xavier D. F. Chillier, Claude R. Maechling and Richard N. Zare. "Search for Past Life on Mars: Possible Relic Biogenic Activity in Martian Meteorite ALH84001" p 924-930 v 273 Science, 16 August 1996. (The complete illustrated article is available from NASA.)
6. Rick Gore, "Sifting for Life in the Sands of Mars" p 9-31 v 151 n 1 National Geographic, January 1977.
7. Gilbert V. Levin, Life on Mars? The Viking Labeled Release Experiment, 1996.
8. Imre Lakatos, The methodology of scientific research programmes: Philosophical Papers Volume I, John Worrall and Gregory Currie, eds. (first published 1978.) Cambridge University Press, 1995. p 27.
9. A. H. Treiman, "Thinking About Life on Mars: Dangers and Visions", presented 20 March 1997, at the 28th Lunar and Planetary Conference in Houston Texas. A list of all abstracts is available at 28th LPSC Abstracts of Interest with links to full text.
10. Fred Hoyle, The Intelligent Universe: A New View of Creation and Evolution, London: Michael Joseph Limited, 1983. p 102-107.
11. William J. Broad, "Could Life on Loose Bit of Mars Survive a Short Cut to Earth?" p B5,B7 The New York Times, 12 March 1996.
12. See Fossilized Life Forms in the Murchison Meteorite, 29 July 1997, this website.

Related Reading

Achenbach, Joel. "The Genesis Problem," p W12 The Washington Post, 2 November 1997.
Askyonov, S. I. "Some Comments on Interpretations of the Viking Biological Experiments," p 251-256 v 9 Origins of Life, 1979.
Bada, Jeffrey L.; Daniel P. Glavin; Gene D. McDonald and Luann Becker. "Search for Endogenous Amino Acids in Martian Meteorite ALH84001" p 362-365 v 279 Science, 16 January 1998.
Bizony, Piers The Rivers of Mars: Searching for the Cosmic Origins of Life, London: Aurum Press, 1997.
Carr, Michael H. Water on Mars, Oxford University Press, 1996.
Chown, Marcus. "Seeds, soup and the meaning of life" p 6 New Scientist, 17 August 1996.
Cowen, Ron. "Searching for Life in a Martian Meteorite" Science News Online, 14 December 1996.
Davis, Wanda L. and Christopher P. McKay. "Origins of Life: A Comparison of Theories and Application to Mars," p 61-73 v 26 Origins of Life, 1996.
DiGregorio, Barry E. Mars: The Living Planet with Dr. Gilbert V. Levin and Dr. Patricia Ann Straat. Berkeley, CA: Frog Ltd., 1997. A Radio Interview with Barry that aired 2 May 1998, is available.
Edgar, Blake. "Message in a Meteor: Maybe Men and Women Are From Mars" Pacific Discovery, Winter 1997.
Gibbs, W. Wayt. "Endangered: Other explanations now appear more likely than Martian bacteria" p 19-20 v 278 n 4 Scientific American, April 1998.
Gibson, Everett K., Jr.; David S. McKay; Kathie Thomas-Keprta and Christopher S. Romanek. "The Case for Relic Life on Mars" p 58-65 v 277 n 6 Scientific American, December 1997.
Hoyle, Fred and Chandra Wickramasinghe. Life on Mars? The case for a cosmic heritage? Bristol: Clinical Press, 1997.
Jull, A. J. T.; C. Courtney; D. A. Jeffrey and J. W. Beck. "Isotopic Evidence for a Terrestrial Source of Organic Compounds Found in Martian Meteorites Allen Hills 84001 and Elephant Moraine 79001" p 366-369 v 279 Science, 16 January 1998.
Lavoie, J. M., "Support Experiments to the Pyrolysis/Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometric Analysis of the Surface of Mars," Ph.D. Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 1979.
Levin, Gilbert V. "The Viking Labelled Release experiment and life on Mars," in Instruments, Methods, and Missions for the Investigation of Extraterrestrial Microorganisms, Richard B. Hoover, Editor, Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 3111, p 146-161 (1997).
Levin, Gilbert V. and Patricia Ann Straat "Labelled Release — an Experiment in Radiorespirometry," p 293-311 v 7 Origins of Life, 1976. Abstract.
Levin, Gilbert V. and Patricia Ann Straat "Antarctic Soil No. 726 and Implications for the Viking Labeled Release experiment," J. Theor. Biol., 91, 41, 1981.
McKay, David S.; E. K. Gibson, Jr.; K.L. Thomas-Keprta and C. S. Romanek. "Evidence for possible past life in a Martian meteorite: a current assessment," in Instruments, Methods, and Missions for the Investigation of Extraterrestrial Microorganisms, Richard B. Hoover, Editor, Proceedings of SPIE Vol. 3111, p 2-6 (1997).
Melosh, H. J. "The Rocky Road to Panspermia" p 687-688 v 332 Nature, 21 April 1988.
Melosh, H. J. and W. B. Tonks Swapping Rocks: Ejection and Exchange of Surface Material Among the Terrestrial Planets: Abstract of paper presented at the 56th Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society.
Nash, J. Madeleine. "Was The Cosmos Seeded With Life?" v 148 n 9 TIME Magazine, 19 August 1996.
Newcott, William R. "Return to Mars" v 194 n 2 p 2-29 National Geographic, August 1998.
Smolin, Lee, "We All Came From Mars!" [Text] (review of The Fifth Miracle by Paul Davies) p 12, Book Review Section, The New York Times, 18 April 1999.
Strughold, Hubertus. The Green and Red Planet: a Physiological Study of the Possibility of Life on Mars, The University of New Mexico Press, 1953.
Taylor, Michael Ray, Dark Life: Martian Nanobacteria, Rock-Eating Cave Bugs, and Other Extreme Organisms of Inner and Outer Space, Scribner, 1999.
Wade, Nicholas. "Mars Meteorite Fuels Debate on Life on Earth" p B9,B12 The New York Times, 29 July 1997.

Related Websites

Life on other Planets, by Thomas Gold, May 1997.
Mars Life Even More Likely: New Clues of Water, a Key Ingredient, ABCNEWS, 4 March 1999.
Scientists Report Bacteria from Earth Rocks Strongly Resemble Those Found in Martian Meteorite by Ann Hutchison, Johnson Space Center, 8 January 1999.
E.T. in Quarantine: Isolating Extraterrestrial Material - and lots about panspermia in general. by Jim Oberg ABCNEWS.com, 4 February 1999.
International Committee Against Mars Sample Return - a group, founded by LR experiment designer Gilbert Levin and author Barry DiGregorio, opposed to the returning of samples from Mars directly to Earth because the samples could contain unfamiliar, dangerous germs.
Archaebacteria--A Life Form On Mars?: Unusual Bacteria Live In Some Of The Most Inhospitable Places On Earth--Could They Also Survive On Mars? Wayne's Word Noteworthy Plant For October 1997.
The University of Florida Joins NASA'S Virtual Astrobiology Institute to Look for Life on Mars, by Kristen Vecellio, 10 Nov 1998. Steven Benner says that except for repeating electric charges, "the rest of the genetic molecule will vary from life form to life form and from planet to planet."
Water holds key to Mars riddles, by Peter N. Spotts in Nando Media, 13 December 1998.
Swapping Rocks: Exchange of Surface Material Among the Planets, by H. Jay Melosh.
Deep Drilling on Mars from the Los Alamos National Laboratory.
Center for Mars Exploration from the NASA Ames Space Sciencce Division.
Mars Express wins unanimous support from the European Space Agency, 5 Nov 1998.
Life on Mars? Beagle 2, a Lander for Mars, from the Open University.
Did Earth's Life Originate on Mars? by Paul Lutus.
Survivors from Mars by Paul Davies in New Scientist, 12 September 1998.
An Exobiological Strategy for Mars Exploration by the Exobiology Program Office, NASA HQ, January 1995.
Analyzing Bits of Mars by Kevin Boyd, ABCNEWS.com, 14 August 1998.
The Mars Society (Founding Convention 13-16 August 1998)
Rocks could strengthen case for life on Mars, USA Today, 23 October 1997, and
Trace Fossil Comparision, photos supporting Barry DiGregorio's research.
Mars Global Surveyor - Welcome to Mars!
MOLA Science Investigation: Mars Orbital Laser Altimeter
On the Question of the Mars Meteorite from The Lunar and Planetary Institute.
Mars, one of Bill Arnett's The Nine Planets, an excellent resource.
Mars Introduction from Views of the Solar System hosted by the Hawaiian Astronomical Society.
Mars, part of Welcome to the Planets from JPL, NASA.
Ancient meteorite may point to life on Mars, CNN, 7 August 1996.
Life On Mars by the Federation of American Scientists.
Mars Sample Return Workshop, 1996: "The Detection of Amino Acids on Mars" by Jeffrey L. Bada.
New Scientist has abstracts of many articles. Search for terms "Life, Mars."
More findings about life on the Red Planet, by R. Cowen. ScienceNewsOnline, 8 February 1997.
Mars Sample Return: Issues and Recommendations, National Academy Press, Washington DC, 1997.
Viking Mission to Mars, a NASA official website.
Mars Links is a resource organized by students from all over the world.
Visions [2]:SETI (Bioastronomy) at "The Telson Spur" — a good collection of links.
Interview with Richard Hoover, December 1996. Reviews the ALH84001 evidence.
Mars Meteorite Home Page (JPL)
CNN - Mission: Mars, 7 November 1996.
Life on Mars? The Evidence and the Debate by G. Jeffrey Taylor PSR Discoveries, 18 October 1996.
New Study Boosts Idea of Past Life on Mars, by John W. Valley of UW, Madison, 13 March 1997.
Archaebacteria--A Life Form On Mars?. Lots about desert varnish.
Meteorite Yields Evidence of Primitive Life on Early Mars, from NASA, JPL, 7 August 1996.