RELIGION INC. 'intensive' session would cost half a month's wages. On several occa- sions between 1980 and 1982 an 'intensive' was costing as much as twice the monthly average wage in the USA. The immediate effect of this was felt in the Missions, franchise operations run on Scientology lines. The church was not responsible for their running costs, but the Mission holders were Scientologists who paid 10% of their income to the Church of Scientology. Their other main function was to create 'Clears'. Since the Missions were not allowed to give advanced courses they were required to push their Clears on to take further courses, or 'flow them up the Bridge' in org-speak. A drop in Mission income meant a double penalty on the church - loss of franchise income and loss of raw material from which the cream of their fees would come. Thus the scene was set for the first major development: a conference at which the Mission holders could be galvanized into action.1 What that action should be was not at all evident as Hubbard had ceased to be in regular communication with other parts of the organization. His communication lines were controlled by the Broekers who were with him in hiding and by David Miscavige who set up a unit in early 1981 known as the All Clear Unit, which was allegedly designed to work towards a situation when Hubbard 'could come back on lines', i.e., resume a high profile. He never did. It was the All Clear Unit instead which became all-powerful. In 1981 David Miscavige had begun the year as a cameraman at Gilman Hot Springs and a junior member of the Commodore's Messenger Organization. He ended it in charge of the Watchdog Committee and the All Clear Unit which he announced was now senior to CMO International. Because the actions of these committees were assumed to have the sanction of Hubbard himself, the rapid rise to power of this twenty- three-year-old was not questioned. But once he had assumed power the new supremo had to consolidate his position. Here is how he did it: When the All Clear Unit was set up in early 1981, there were thirty- five liability suits against the Church of Scientology naming Hubbard. The Unit was small, consisting of Miscavige, Diane Voegerding, Lois Riesdorf, Gale Irwin, Norman Starkey and Terri Gamboa. Of these, Miscavige, Gale Irwin and Lois Riesdorf were also key figures in the Watchdog Committee, which included additionally Marc Yaeger, John Nelson and Diane Voegerding (the CO CMO). On 27 June, Voegerding was handed a dispatch from Miscavige requesting her to stand down as CO CMO. She complied and was replaced by her 1 *see page 99* 94 GAMESKEEPERS AND POACHERS sister, Gale Irwin. Then on 1 July, Miscavige called on Mary Sue Hubbard with a letter prepared by lawyers which argued that MSH's presence as the Guardians' controller implicated Hubbard in all church matters including the GO cases. She stepped down and was later removed from office, as was Jane Kember. On 5 August 1981, a Comm Ev was convened on several leading GO officials including David Gaiman, Duke Snider, Mo Budlong and Henning Heldt. The six-strong Committee included Miscavige, Yaeger and Nelson. They were all found guilty and deposed. In September, Miscavige showed an order to Gale Irwin stating that the All Clear Unit was no longer junior to CO CMO. In December, Gale Irwin was replaced as CO CMO by John Nelson, for allegedly falsify- ing data sent to Hubbard in November. Having put a dozen eggs in his two baskets of All Clear and Watchdog, Miscavige was now reducing them to half a dozen eggs in one basket. That one key basket was to be the Religious Technology Center (RTC). The RTC was to be a non-profit-making corporation based at 6517 Sunset Boulevard, Los Angeles. Its initial trustees were David Miscavige, David Mayo, Terri Gamboa, Lyman Spurlock, Norman Starkey, Julia Watson and Phoebe Maurer. Of these key figures, Watson, Gamboa, Spurlock, Starkey and, of course, Miscavige, were no longer on the Scientology staff. Amazingly, Miscavige had resigned his church contracts in early 1982 and had gone to head an organization called Author Services Incorporated (ASI). This was a Los Angeles based PROFIT-MAKING corporation administering the income from Hubbard's prodigious writings, both fiction and non- fiction, and acting in tandem with Bridge Publications. The anomaly was that the RTC was now to be the bastion of orthodoxy within Scientology, overseeing the 'tech' with full rights to all Hubbard's works, yet its trustees were not senior officials of the church they con- trolled. They were not accountable to anyone save themselves. The most sensational fact about the RTC was not who was in it, but the document which set it up. One of the stated purposes of the RTC was to get Hubbard off the hook of legal action by individuals or the authorities. In return for the use of the trademarks and rights to the Scientology materials, the document setting up RTC, dated 16 May 1982, declares: 'RTC hereby indemnifies LRH and agrees to hold him harmless from and against all liabilities, claims and actions of any kind, and costs, including attorney's fees, which relate to the Marks or services in connection with which they are used.' This seems to put quite a large distance between Hubbard and the Church of Scien- 95 RELIGION INC. tology and, indeed, the articles of the RTC were produced in a lawsuit in Omaha to make this very point. However, what the RTC did not produce was Section 4 of the original document setting up the RTC, which granted an option to the Church of Spiritual Technology (CST) to purchase back all the trademarks and rights for the sum of $100 if it was not satisfied with the situation as managed by the RTC, and the CST (a Hubbard front) would have sole discretion and judgment in this regard. Section 4 had been omitted from the court submission. But that was the least of the omissions. The documents submitted to the court did not include the seal of the Notary Public who had supervised the RTC articles. Examination of a photocopy of the original which I have in my possession shows the Notary Public to be none other than one DAVID MISCAVIGE! The RTC documents were apparently signed on 10 May 1982 before Miscavige in the County of Los Angeles by L. Ron Hubbard. A further agreement between Hubbard and the RTC was signed on 15 June 1982 with Miscavige as Notary. Both of Hubbard's signatures on these documents have been pro- nounced forgeries by handwriting experts. Irmgard Wassard, a Danish graphologist, declared: 'There is a probability amounting almost to certainty (a) that the two signatures have been made by the same person and (b) that that person is *not* identical with the person (L. Ron Hubbard)...since the doubtful signatures show a multitude of deviations from the authentic writing which are typical of forgeries.' A further opinion from another leading expert graphol- ogist, John J. Swanson, stated: 'Using the L. Ron Hubbard signatures in Exhibit 3 as standard and the basis for comparison, it is the opinion of the examiner that the L. Ron Hubbard signatures in Exhibits 1 and 2 are not the same and were not written by the individual represented by the signatures in Exhibit 3.' (*See Appendix B*.) In April 1984 former senior Church of Scientology official Diane Voegeding, signed an affidavit to the effect that between March 1980 and December 1981 David Miscavige did not see Hubbard but had a page of signatures in his Notary Book which he could assign to documents without Hubbard appearing before him. Since he no longer met Hubbard personally, Miscavige gave the book to Pat Broeker who would return it within a week with a page of LRH signatures entered. This procedure, Voegeding attested, had been followed through to the first months of 1983. Thus whether it was a case of forged signatures or 'blind' signatures, it would appear that it was not Hubbard who was underwriting the activities of the Broekers, Miscavige and the RTC. They were their own masters. 96 GAMESKEEPERS AND POACHERS It must be said that in support of the bona fides of the signatures is the Probate document of 15 May, which was accepted by the court as genuinely signed by Hubbard (*see Appendix C*). In it he says: 'I have transferred my religious trademarks to the Religious Technology Center, but I retain full ownership of any commercial application of the marks as well as full ownership of all my copyrights and patent rights, none of which have been transferred. Contrary to the uninformed allegations of the petition, my trademark transfer involved no monetary loss. Finally, I and only I sign my name on any of my accounts or contract documents, etc. There is no truth to the allegation that anyone else signs my checks or other financial documents using my name.' So what are we to believe? Was the RTC set up invalidly in 1982 but subsequently endorsed by Hubbard.? Was the 'fudging' of who owned the trademarks after 1982 a joint ploy by the RTC and Hubbard, or had his disciples duped Hubbard into thinking he still had control? Could the disputed signatures have been executed by someone incapacitated by a stroke? Was he perhaps totally incapacitated during the years 1982-6, or, as some still believe, already dead - and he RTC acting on his behalf? Whatever the truth, the issue is now closed since in his will Hubbard left control of Scientology to the RTC anyway. One decision which Hubbard can be assumed to have made person- ally was the appointment of David Mayo in April 1982 to take over the supervision of the 'tech'. He was to be the arbiter of orthodoxy and was given this responsibility for 20-25 years in a letter. The reason we can conclude that this was genuine was that Mayo was not approved of by the new cabal. His days were numbered and they were later to deny that any such communication existed. Back in November 1981 Mayo had been asked by Hubbard to 'Sec-Check' Pat Broeker. Presumably the Scientology supremo LRH wanted his sole line of communication to the outside world to be a safe one. However, the Mayo report was not entirely favourable and Broeker is accused by Mayo of having altered it and retyped it to his satisfaction. Mayo found out and com- plained about the lies on LRH's 'comm lines'. There followed a rumour that Mayo was plotting a takeover. This was a sure method of firing the paranoia of Hubbard when the rumour came boomeranging back to him. From that moment on, there was no one who could prevent the toppling of Mayo from power. The move came in October 1982, six months after Mayo's elevation. He was Comm Eved along with several other senior figures whose experience of 'Standard Tech' made them threats to the new guard. 97 RELIGION INC. These were known as the Happy Valley Comm Evs and they effectively stilled the voices of authority who might have challenged what was being done by Miscavige and Co in the name of 'helping Ron'. (Mayo alleges that Miscavige told him that he was going to 'break him'.) Happy Valley was far from living up to its name. It was a box canyon in the Palm Springs area surrounded by an Indian reservation on which the Church of Scientology owned a ranch. Mayo and his staff of five plus another eleven people were put on a running pro- gramme which Hubbard had developed along with the Purification Rundown to attain physical fitness. It was meant to be on a gradient with more exercise each day, but the way the programme was inflicted on Mayo and the others, Happy Valley resembled a convict camp with hard labour thrown in. In the desert heat the inmates would be required to undertake gruelling runs for up to twelve hours per day. Mayo recounts how he would sit down and the supervisor would walk towards him shouting but he would resume running just before he arrived, and simultaneously the other group would sit down, causing the guard to have to run to and fro to bully them into action. They kept up this taunting and teasing throughout their captivity. Mayo was eventually liberated in February of the following year (1983) and declared a SP. He formed an Advanced Ability Center where he taught his own version of the 'tech' and upper thetan levels. This meant he was subject to legal and personal harassment by the Church of Scientology for using its materials. He counter-sued for an injunction to stop this and became a focus for many of the Scien- tologists who were still loyal to Hubbard's tech but who had left the church or were expelled in the turmoil of the years 1982-4. Mayo remains loyal to Scientology, convinced that Hubbard would not have sanctioned his demotion if he had not been fed false rumours by the Miscavige cabal. Around the time the RTC was set up, Miscavige ordered a visible symbol of the new era to be built at the new and unofficial 'Flag' HQ in Southern California. It was a full-sized replica clipper-ship complete with sails and masts, embedded in the ground at Gilman Springs and surrounded by palm trees and a swimming-pool. The cost was $565,000 and the labour was supplied by the Sea Org, who, it has to be said, have made a magnificent job of finishing the ship. To take a further grip on the finances of Scientology, in June 1982 the Watchdog Committee set up an organization to be known as the International Finance Police. One cannot but have sympathy with the bewildered IRS officials who were berated by the Church of Scien- 98 GAMESKEEPERS AND POACHERS tology for persecuting a religion and who were then confronted with this 'religion' setting up Finance Police. The overlord of Scientology's money was Wendell Reynolds who was given the title 'Dictator'. It was no joke. The IFP were determined to put the squeeze on the Missions. But to launch this blitzkrieg, Miscavige orchestrated a meeting in San Francisco for 17 October which was to prove momen- tous in the history of Scientology. It was the 1982 Mission Holders' Conference, referred to earlier. The transcript of that meeting makes interesting reading. Even more interesting are the differences between the official transcript cir- culated to the orgs after the conference and the actual words spoken. The meeting opened with a softening-up session explaining the new structure with the RTC as top dog and went on to deal with the dangerous heresies ('out-tech' and 'squirrelling') which were creeping in and had to be eradicated. In brutal manner the Mission holders were told by a succession of RTC speakers, including Miscavige, that if they didn't do what they were told then they would be expelled, forbidden to use Scientology, declared Suppressive, even jailed. Verbal abuse, flash-bulbing (intimidation by photographing a person repeatedly with flash), threats, humiliation - it's all there. Here are a few choice extracts: LARRY HELLER (*Church of Scientology attorney*): My law firm has been instructed to make sure that if there is in fact an unauthorized use of any of these trademarks, if it is determined that the mark was not used in accordance with source that we enforce the RTC's rights which I've just described to you throughout the judicial procedure to get a superior court of US Court judgment and then enforce that judgment through contempt and criminal proceedings. Commander DAVID MISCAVIGE: Earlier this evening both Kingsley Wimbush and Dean Stokes were here. They have both now been declared and we are pursuing criminal charges against them. They have been delivering their own squirrel tech while calling it Scientology. Kingsley Wimbush's 'dinging process' is complete squirrel. You won't find it in any tech, yet he has been calling it Scientology. That's a violation of trademark laws and he now faces some serious charges for this crime. This sort of activity is NOT going to go on any more, [At this point Wimbush's wife who was unaware that he had been 'bounced' on his way to the 99 RELIGION INC. meeting, got up to leave and the tape of the proceedings records Miscavige hissing, 'Declare her!'] Commander STEVE MARLOWE (*Inspector General from the RTC*): The fact of the matter is that you have a new breed of management in the church. They're tough. They're ruthless. They are 'on source'. They don't get muscled around by crazy loonies, they don't get muscled around by people who are squirrelling, none of that. On this team you're playing with the winning team, totally and utterly. Commander NORMAN STARKEY (*of a defector*): Where is he now? He was working for Flynn! He will never, never, I promise you, for any life-time get any auditing or ever have a chance to get out of his trap. And those of you who are on OT III know what that means. That means dying and dying and dying and dying again. Forever, for eternity...we will take action in the defence of our religion. If anybody's going to try to stop that and if I didn't stop them from trying to stop it, it would be an overt that I would be committing. Commander RAY MITHOFF: For someone who's out there squirrelling and trying to get other people's attention off Scientology, just to fatten their own pocket or whatever. That person's future is black...I can't even find the words to describe how black that person's future is. In fact, it is almost as black as the future of an FBI agent. Commander/Dictator WENDELL REYNOLDS then mounted the rostrum and made the audience there and then write down all their O/Ws (overts and withholds, or sins to use religious terminology). 'If you don't come clean and I find out something later on, that P/L is enforced. You are guilty of anything you didn't report on. Right per that P/L. We talk the same language?' The purpose of the meeting was (1) to force the Missions to accept the new RTC structure; (2) to frighten potential 'squirrels' into con- formity; (3) to stress that all Missions must make sure their clients were 'flowed up the Bridge' and that they met higher statistical targets. To achieve this last aim, targets were imposed there and then. But in the opening address when the Church of Scientology attorney Larry Heller was speaking, significant changes were made in the transcript later circulated to the orgs. I have bracketed in caps after the 'official' version the words actually used: 100 GAMESKEEPERS AND POACHERS 'All of the Scientology/Dianetic trademarks were previously owned (ARE OWNED IN PERPETUITY) by L. Ron Hubbard (who) has donated (LICENSED) the vast majority of those to a corporation which some of you have probably heard of, by the name of the Religious Technology Center.' Quite apart from the subtle dishonesty in the transcript which hid the cosmetic Clause 4 of the RTC's articles of incorporation, the RTC continued to present the facade (to outsiders) that Hubbard had retired from the scene, whereas among its own members it suggested that Hubbard still had his finger on the pulse. The overall effect was to portray the RTC as the reigning sole authority on the 'tech'. It is also salutary that throughout the whole transcript there is scarcely a mention of Hubbard by name or by quotation, which is unusual for any Scientology gathering, which normally oozes obeisance to LRH. Following the Mission Holders' Conference in 1982, there was intense activity by the Finance Police. They were descending on Missions demanding their $15,000 per day consultation fee and squeezing them for more money. Reserves were siphoned off. When Bent Corydon returned to his Riverside mission his $2 million reserves had vanished. Another $2 million was raised in increased revenue in the wake of the Hilton Hotel meeting. But Miscavige was in danger of killing the geese which were laying his golden eggs. Twenty-five of the ninety-eight Missions in the US network defected or were bankrupted and closed their doors. The RTC cleaned out the bank accounts. But this growing number of defectors, declared Suppressives and deposed senior exec- utives were still loyal to 'Ron'. They still believed in the 'tech' as they had been taught it and had passed it on to others. Most of them had joined Scientology for its declared purpose of 'clearing the planet' and their zeal was looking for an outlet. They were soon joined by many Scientologists from within the Church of Scientology who had begun to realize that all was not well with the new leadership. One of the significant catalysts for defections was the 'Dane Tops letter'. This pseudonymous and lengthy circular questioned whether all that was being done by the RTC was in line with 'Standard Tech'. It was plausible and reasonable, and appealed to many more discerning Scientologists who might have toed the RTC line but were dismayed by the bully-boy tactics of the new leadership. The trickle of defec- tions became a flood. The Church of Scientology responded by 'declaring' those who were challenging its leadership. Many of them were the more qualified auditors and when the dust had settled, it 101 RELIGION INC. was evident that the turmoil of 1982 was not merely some letting of bad blood within the organization but the transfusion of some of its lifeblood into a new body, an independent Church of Scientology. Of course, the new movement could not use the name Scientology. Advanced Ability Centers were set up on the doorstep of the orgs and much of the bitterness which is found among religious sectarianism was evident. The independents lowered their prices and threatened to undercut the RTC controlled Church of Scientology, which responded with lawsuits and a vitriolic propaganda newsletter en- titled *Stamp out Squirrels*. In England, many of the independents opened up on the doorstep of Saint Hill in East Grinstead where they already lived. A young businessman Scientologist, Jon Atack, started the news- letter *Reconnection*, which provided a communication network for the lost souls who had spent possibly most of their adult lives within Scientology and at the age of thirty had been declared Suppressives and therefore lost in one blow their friends, their job and their religion. At first they were confused, even bitter, then determined to build a better org to replace the old. Perhaps as they built up contacts and settled in the social world outside Scientology, they began to con- sider turning their back on the whole business of Dianetics and Scien- tology. Robin Scott, who opened his centre at Candacraig, followed such a path. Jon Atack began by hating the anti-Scientology lawyer Michael Flynn just as vehemently as he did Miscavige and Co. but gradually he came to accept that Flynn was well-motivated and justified in his campaign. Perhaps this withdrawal process is a lengthy but necessary antidote to the long indoctrination sequence into the Church of Scientology which DeWolf described as 'brain-washing spread over a lifetime'. Perhaps the independents will manage to establish their 'orgs' as a vitiated version of Scientology. My own view is that they will not. Partly because the tide of bad publicity, lawsuits and financial ex- posure that is growing in intensity with each ebb and flow will engulf the official church and the independents and will sweep away any support they might gather from the general public. Partly because the psychological 'winding down' process which I have just described will have the effect of gradually deprogramming them. They will drift away from involvement, particularly after they are free for any length of time from the regimented constraints of Sea Org discipline. But most of all, because of Flynn's argument that Scientology 'begins and ends in the mindset of L. Ron Hubbard'. Any structure built on this 102 GAMESKEEPERS AND POACHERS foundation is built on the shifting sands of paranoia and power mania which will not withstand the tide of public opinion. The Church of Scientology has effected several changes in its public relations since the purges. These are represented to the outsider as cleansing the stables, not only purging the Guardians but expelling Mission holders who were ripping off the orgs. When the *Sunday Times* magazine published accounts of the Happy Valley Comm Evs in a long feature in November 1984, Michael Garside, the Public Affairs Director at Saint Hill, wrote: 'Following a "house-cleaning" by the church in 1981-83 some members were expelled for misconduct, some others left with them. A few attempts were made by some of these to establish independent Scientology counselling organizations outside the church but these have by and large foundered. Several key-figures in this movement have publicly attacked the church but evidence of criminal activity against the church by some of these indi- viduals greatly lessens their credibility.' He went on to cite Robin Scott and Bent Corydon as two figures who had received sentences in court. The official church is insistent that the RTC is a background body of trustees, that Miscavige is a minor figure, that stats are high and that everything in the garden is rosy. Scientologists are anxious to welcome visitors to Saint Hill - particularly Members of Parliament - to improve the church's public relations image. The same is true of other centres. When I visited Los Angeles, the two guardian angels from the Scientology PR Department who conducted me round, Susan Jones and Shirley Young, were not Guardians in the bad old sense of the seventies, but courteous and willing guides to the complex of buildings around Los Angeles. It is sometimes argued that the Church of Scientology is extra careful to be nice to celebrities and rich clients, who are not subjected to the strict discipline, low pay and punishment of the ordinary staff member. I cannot deny that I, as a writer, was very well treated, and I am sure my guides did not lie - but neither do the documents which have come into my possession since that visit. As I walked round the room where E-Meters are assembled within the huge blue Cedars of Lebanon complex which used to be a hospital, I asked questions which were answered in very technical terms. Notices proclaimed this to be a 'high security area'. The Advanced Org for Los Angeles (AULA) is in a separate part of the building and bears a notice 'Never leave a briefcase unlocked when not in a locked cabinet'. A more relaxed atmosphere pervades the other parts of the building. But everywhere there are pictures of Hubbard and in every 103 RELIGION INC. building in the Los Angeles complex there is an 'LRH' office. This shrine was for Ron's use 'should he come back and want it'. Usually there are a few mementoes of the *Apollo* days and a few familiar 'LRH' photographs. It is a shade eerie and perhaps even a shade ridiculous since Ron showed no inclination whatsoever of coming anywhere near these vast properties acquired by the Church of Scientology. At 5930 Franklin Avenue is the Celebrity Center which used to be a hotel used by many movie stars, when it was called Chateau Elycee. 'We don't use that name because some dictionaries define it as "the house of the dead" - and we're very much alive,' smiled my guide. The mini-hall of fame includes such personalities as Chick Corea the jazz pianist; Karen Black; Cathy Lee Crosby; Stanley Clarke; John Travolta and Priscilla Presley (who was lying on her side in portrait form opposite a gaudy portrait of her famous husband). 'This is the place for the aesthetic types rather than the rich,' declared Irish New Yorker Pat who runs the place. 'The artist and the dreamer have a haven here where they're in a safe environment. They can see their own peers.' In 1981 the Celebrity Center gobbled up the Fifield Manor building which since the demise of the Guardians really was a chateau of the dead. It was the brain-child of the late Yvonne Jentzsch who was apparently a gentle but charismatic personality who charmed many stars to enter Scientology's portals. Apart from Ron, she was the only person to have the distinction of a shrine/office to herself in any Church of Scientology org. Her husband, Heber Jentzsch, a former actor, was appointed by the RTC to be titular President of the Church of Scientology and I was scheduled to meet him over lunch. Heber Jentzsch is tall, in his early forties, with glasses and greying hair. His handshake is firm and he is larger than life. Born a Mormon in Utah, he was out playing in the fields after a nearby A-bomb test when it rained and the radiation burns on his skin nearly killed him. When he tells the story you can see the rain, the hills, the scars. He is a born preacher and swashbuckles into attacks on arch-enemies attorney Flynn and psychiatrist John Clark and the dreaded IRS as we talk. We are facing the clash of two cultures, he rages. The persecution of religion by the Gestapo of the IRS. No, he is not worried about spending millions on lawsuits. These are the price of freedom. But he is optimistic. 'The enemy can't keep up their hate-mongering year after year without the spring recoiling.' How did I get on with Flynn, he asks. When I tell him that I have visited the Boston attorney's office and render the questions Michael Flynn told me to put to him in a 104 GAMESKEEPERS AND POACHERS passable imitation of Flynn's 'Boston Irish' voice, Heber roars with laughter. He tells me that he has a little surprise for me that afternoon. I had asked to see the Gilman Springs property. Well, he would drive me there. It was an offer I could not refuse. As we drove down Highway 79 the hundred miles or so to Gilman, Heber talked expansively about the issues facing the Church of Scien- tology. Critics say he is an actor who is no more than a PR front since the Presidency carries no real power, but he is the official voice and so I switched on my tape recorder with his permission as we drove down past the date-palms towards the desert area of Palm Springs. These are extracts from that conversation: SL: You knew Hubbard well personally? HJ: No, I never met Mr Hubbard. My first wife before she passed away, worked extensively with Mr Hubbard and I've written to Mr Hubbard extensive correspondence and my wife Karen, whom you've met, worked extensively with Mr Hubbard; a number of people have. I feel there is a friendship there, obviously. I feel...I feel like every other Scien- tologist,...I know the man through his works. Can one love Shakespeare without having met the man? SL: Yes. HJ: Can one appreciate Shelley, Keats, Poe, and others with- out having met the man? Absolutely. There is another force of work there and that's the force that Flynn cannot deal with because that force is the work itself. The communication of a man and self. To bring it all down to one infinitesimal 'Did-he- graduate-from-George-Washington-University?' argument, is incredible. He's also said, you know, he's not a doctor, he doesn't have a doctor's degree. Well, fine. Dr Mengele had a nice doctor's degree and look what he did. Well, let's go the other round, Alexander Graham Bell didn't have a degree so shall we throw away all the telephones and all the communica- tions systems we have in the world today because he didn't have a doctor's degree? Give me a break. Or let's take Thomas Eddison.... SL: But you must be as curious as anybody, you must be more curious than I am, to see, to meet, to hear Ron Hubbard speak? HJ: ...Sure I'd like to see that, I would, you know....there's a greater...greater point there. I can appreciate more than 105 RELIGION INC. people can know his right to privacy and if that man chose to be a private person for the rest of his life, which I don't think he could do....Well, you know, I've been asked that before. It's a good question. You've got to understand Hubbard. He doesn't care whether people have that concept, he's more interested in mankind itself than the potential inter- pretation of him.... SL: Curiosity, though, begs me to ask the next question. Who does see him now? HJ: ...Well, of course...Hubbard has always had periods of his life where he's just taken off and he's a very private person.... SL: Sure, very private, and I would think if you've got an organization around you like that, it's possible you could become drugged by it and get high on the ego trip. Or, on the other hand, you could react against it and want to go away and get away from it. Do you ever wonder if you'll meet him out driving one day or suddenly you'll be... HJ: You wonder, yes...I used to a lot but I don't put a lot of attention on it nowadays. It is kind of like... SL: Because you're too busy...? HJ: But also it's kind of like Hubbard knows where we are. I don't have to know where he is. In other words, it's a church's role to establish a bulkhead, a visible, physical organization or established units. SL: Some journalistic accounts that I've seen have suggested that - I think *Time Magazine* was one of the first to sort of hint at it - that...Miscavige...and his Young Turks had taken over... HJ: Oh yeah, the Young Turks they call them... SL: And they are running the organization, or an alternative explanation is that they're running the organization on instructions from Hubbard... HJ: Yeah, they use both of those... SL: Now you can't have both of those. HJ: You can't have it both ways...Miscavige doesn't run Scien- tology and I know him, he was aboard the ship, my wife knew him. He has worked with Hubbard directly on filming and stuff like that....technician capability and so forth, and, you know, it's like...I get all these allegations, I love it in a way. Do you know what they're saying? Do you realize that the 106 GAMESKEEPERS AND POACHERS magnitude...Flynn says this over and over again. He's just a kid who's 25 years of age, and is capable of running 600 organizations singlehandedly...You show me any church or any major...corporation...where one individual can run it all. SL: Why does David Miscavige get such a prominent place, though, if he just makes films now? HJ: Well he's done films and stuff like that. Why does he get a prominent place like that? SL: Yes. Now why do these people make that accusation? HJ: I think that the people who were thrown out have had a personal vendetta against him and would do anything possible to try to get back at him and if government is the vehicle or Press is the vehicle, because they all mention it, or if they felt that in any way that someone...You have to go back to the clash of two ideas and you'd be in Clark's paper. He said in order to knock out the cults - I'm paraphrasing, I'll give you the exact quote when I get it for you - in order to knock out the cults, says he, knock out the core group, knock out the leaders. Why? Clash of two ideas. Why would you want to do that to a religion? Anyway, those arguments as to who was with Mr Hubbard, very honestly, I don't know.... SL: How do the directives come, then, because a lot of people from the outside would see you, because you're President, as the sort of titular head. HJ: I receive and the Board receives Policy Letters which are written by Mr Hubbard and... SL: In his own handwriting? HJ: Sometimes in his own handwriting, sometimes they're typed. These are then sent to the Board for approval. They are approved by the Board and then they go to general distri- bution or whatever distribution is general throughout the world. Hubbard has always maintained that...See, here's the interesting thing. They keep saying that Hubbard is run- ning, Hubbard is controlling, Hubbard is doing it all. All right, whatever...the point that's interesting in all that is that Hubbard for years and years, even in the very beginning, he never wanted to establish organizations. He never wanted to have to run organizations, He never wanted to have to develop entire technologies for the people and so forth. He never wanted to have to train people on bow to audit and so 107 RELIGION INC. forth....and you'll see him lamenting the fact that he's pulled back into the organization but that's precisely why, and this is hard for people to understand, Hubbard's not interested in power. He gives it to you as an individual in your own life. And so he says OK here, you're the one with all the capabilities, use them, go ahead. SL: You mentioned earlier Gerry Armstrong as being your step- son and that obviously must be a bitter thing to witness, the sense that he has become one of the great enemies of the Church of Scientology. HJ: There's no path in life that one walks that there isn't some difficulties. SL: Why did he turn like that? HJ: Well, I think there was a...a kind of resentment that was unexpressed for a long time with Gerry. Finally he expressed it. His research is...well, let's look at it this way. For example, he says...Mr Hubbard was never a commander on a ship. So we go and we dig up all of these records and so forth and so on. Well, Gerry, what did you do? - 'Well, I checked several books. Well, I can read several books and then end my search, can I not?' You're a reporter, you can say well that's books on naval history and you didn't see Ron Hubbard mentioned so I guess that's it. Well, wait a minute, you say, all right, fine - what if I analyze a little further. Did he or did he not'? Why didn't you go to naval archives in Washington DC? 'Well I just didn't.' Well, here are the documents on Mr Hubbard which show that he was involved in action. How do you respond to that? 'Well, I guess I stand corrected.' SL: And that's in the record is it? HJ: That's in the record. So, all right, you stand corrected. Well, that's great. You know, it's like a guy just walked in there, threw a bunch of bombs around the place, shattered up the whole walls and so forth, caused hopefully, he thinks, a lot of damage. You confront him with it and he says - 'Oh yeah, well, I guess', and you say that your motivation...you thought that people who lived there should have been destroyed. Now that you've found out that they weren't what you thought they were, how do you feel about that? By golly, I mean look at this information, how do you feel? 'You know, I 108 GAMESKEEPERS AND POACHERS stand corrected.' But some people were injured. 'Well, I guess I was acting on the best information I had - well, it doesn't work that way.' That's Gerry. I think his problem was and is that he's deeply disturbed by competence and Hubbard... represents competence, and so do other people. So one can have criminal competence or one can have religious com- petence or one can have professional competence or whatever. Competence can be in any one of those fields. It is the intention with which one is working that's important and what is produced.... SL: What do you think the future will be? How will the church evolve? I mean, Ron's not going to live forever. HJ: There's a lot of his enemies would hope that. Well, I've been asked that question I think maybe once or twice and I have my own personal perceptions which I probably won't go into.... First of all, Mr Hubbard has taken very good care of himself. He's also worked extremely hard and he's brung that body through a lot of strenuous moments...I come from Utah: friends of mine there, gentlemen of my city and farming town - 104, 105, 107 they live to be. Now I would hope Mr Hubbard would be sticking around for the next thirty years just to outlive every one of his enemies. Well, by that time... I think the real question that's being asked is this. What's the growth rate going to be while he is still around? We do greatly appreciate and love this man. It isn't that we have to do something for Mr Hubbard, we have to do something for ourselves, that's what Scientology is - and as a group. Of course our concept is that we're not just a faith system, it is of the soul in terms. That's hard to understand in Western civilization but completely comprehensible in Eastern civiliza- tion and accepted without too much of a problem. So I would say that Mr Hubbard's going to be around for a good deal longer and if and when he does decide to leave and return, then I think the return is as important as the...more important than the leaving. I think it'll be for a very short duration and the church will be developed, capable, stabilized to such a point that there's no problem. See you have to kind of look at movements historically - Buddha - his life was ended because one of his disciples...poisoned him. Well, look what Buddha did in that short span of activity. And Jesus and Mohammed and others of that particular nature. I speak of 109 RELIGION INC. them in terms of wisdom, not in terms of... SL: Yes, because some people would regard that as a blasphemy... HJ: Yes, I speak of them in terms of the wisdom that they brought to the civilization. They affected vast civilizations in very short amounts of time without the vast capabilities that we currently have in this civilization. SL: How do you react to the suggestion, though, that it tends to be, looking around there, an awful lot of Scientologists are post-war people and youngsters... HJ: I'm not. SL: No, well, that's a backhanded kind of compliment then... HJ: No, I just had to throw that in... SL: ...and you're not getting the stats up, as they would say, and that in fact there's been a slight sign of a deflation in membership. Perhaps the actual management of resources has been dumped, very effectively financially, to keep the ship afloat. But unless the new people are coming in, it's going to be like a large company that's not having a cash-flow. HJ: I've heard that and let me tell you I've just been through Milan and off over into Rome and Paris, Denmark, Munich, Germany and so forth. There are currently internationally - I don't know about other religions: have no measuring stick here so I'm caught without a...but I know that we get 12 to 13,000 new people walk through our churches every week, every week. Out of those we have some 8,000 take a course of some kind, miniature not major, but a course of some kind every week....It doesn't mean that each person there becomes a hard and fast Scientologist but he gains a certain piece of wisdom, knowledge, applicability for life that he's never had before and he uses it. You have to look at it that way. He's changed back to the two-idea concept that can be implemented by better communication, which is our final goal. What is the assimilated rate of change in a civilization given the exponential expansion of that capability in the society? Just that one factor. Now this is a mathematical view computation. The CIA (God love their dirty black hearts because I don't) did a secret computer analysis at Stamford Research Institute probably 7 or 8 years ago in which they set up a computer model to analyse the effects of religions and newer religions on civilization and carried it out for 750 years. 110 GAMESKEEPERS AND POACHERS So...when you ask me the question ot our survival I have to somehow figure into that computation the opposite designs that the CIA might control - that's the negative factor. I don't know if this makes sense. SL: ...also there were people who were doing...shall we say, almost deprogramming type things to people who were step- ping out of line within Scientology. HJ: In what sense? SL: Well, allegations about people who were sent...washing floors and eh...penances in the Catholic sense. HI: Well, I didn't find it terribly humiliating. In fact, it was kind of therapeutic. I happen to love working with wood, sanding doors... SL: But it's difficult for outsiders to understand that. Isn't it like disciplining naughty schoolboys? HJ: No, not at all. No, I think it goes back to the Buddhist concept...where a person contributes...to the group that he has in some way dishonoured or marked. You see what I mean? SL: Yes. HJ: But not in a...how shall I say it?...not in a sense of eternal obsequiousness...or any of those things. It was a restorative step of capabilities; it's like one sorts out in a very sequential kind of way...understanding his own personal self, his involvement if you will....To sin originally in its concept meant 'to miss the mark'. Well, when you're going towards the wrong mark it's a corrective kind of thing...I think the first time I did it I was terrified to have to go...first of all that I had been...I felt that I had fallen that far down as me. But then I saw the sense of it, then I saw that it was not abusive at all; it was not abusive and there is something to be said about good old physical labour. Washing the walls or mopping a floor or working with woodwork or laying bricks or...you know, these are the things that I remember as a kid, I absolutely enjoyed tremendously. SL: But from the point of view of someone who has, if you like, left the organization; they look back and they see it as a kind of tyranny, don't they? HJ: Some do.... And so the conversation went on. Heber Jentzsch loved talking - 111 RELIGION INC. and he talked well. A born preacher, he is now the equivalent of honorary prophet cum Public Relations executive rolled into one. The man's warmth and humour are obvious. When I threw him an awkward question he would digress into a long discourse, usually on the rights of religious freedom and the mentality of those who were attacking the Church of Scientology. The actor in him relishes the drama of the clash between Scientology and its opponents. The preacher in him vituperates against the men of sin who dare to oppress his religion. As we drove on to Gilman Springs, Heber talked in dark apocalyptic terms about genocide, 'Gestapo' and Nazis. The irony was that these are the very analogies used against Scientology by its enemies. He was using them to describe his idea of the shadow which confronted the Church of Scientology. A tarantula scuttled across the surface of Highway 79 as we drew near to Gilman. The land was flat and dry, stretching towards small hills in the west. 'We had to put security in at Gilman,' Heber ex- plained, 'because some guy was firebombing the area with a book of matches.' The opponents of Scientology have described the security at the Gilman complex as rather like a prison camp. I soon saw that they had vastly overstated their case. Certainly there were seven foot high wire fences round the perimeter and the gates were manned by two security guards in brown uniforms, checking passes. It was odd for a church, but not for a film studio. A film studio is exactly what Gilman Springs had started as, making films at Hubbard's direction under the title of Golden Era Studios. I was taken on a tour which wound up in the recording studio which has been equipped with a synthesizer. At the keyboard, conjuring a wizardry of sounds and rhythms from the machine, was Barry Stein, an architect in his thirties who had been a member of the 'Apollo All- Stars' pop-group back in the shipboard days. Now his talents were in making tapes but he kept his hand in as an architect. The castle com- plex at Saint Hill was his work, as was the restored ballroom at the Fort Harrison Hotel in Clearwater. Occasionally Heber Jentzsch would stop and talk to one of the Gilman staff. We sipped orange juice and I admired the facilities, the replica clipper-ship, the view and everything else in sight. It was all so tranquil. Like a leisure complex. But somewhere here lived David Miscavige, the man they said did not have any power but who could depose the founder's wife and order Hubbard's son Arthur 1 and his wife to be his personal servants. It was 1 One of Hubbard's four children by his third wife, Mary Sue. 112 GAMESKEEPERS AND POACHERS difficult to reconcile that picture with the Gilman that I saw. My stay in Los Angeles was extremely pleasant and that night I dined with Heber Jentzsch and his second wife Karen, also a leading Scientologist. We were the guests of Marshall Goldblatt, an English property dealer who had taken many of the Scientology auditing courses. They had changed his life, he smiled, and the benefits which he obviously was prepared to rain down upon the Church of Scien- tology were but scant reward. It was all so agreeable. The only jarring note was when I called in on my last day to pick up some photocopied material from a shop suggested to me by Michael Flynn. It was run by 'squirrels' and when my escort reported this back to her seniors, I was shown into a large room in the Cedars complex and seated round a large table with several Scientologists, including Heber Jentzsch. Into the room came a lean young man wearing a white short-sleeved shirt, the Sea Org kit. His eyes were wild and staring. Who was I? What was my connection with this squirrel group? What kind of book was I going to write? The eyes grew wilder. The pressure was stepped up. The atmosphere became electric. I was being interro- gated. Across the room from me on the opposite wall was a photograph of Hubbard and underneath a quotation from a policy directive of February 1966 - 'Don't ever submit tamely to an investi- gation of us. Make it rough on attackers all the way.' The young inquisitor's name was Ken Hoden and he was then in charge of the Office of Special Affairs in Los Angeles. My contact with the 'squirrels' had revealed me as a potential enemy. I managed to appease my interrogator by offering to leave the materials I had purchased so that the org could supply me with a list of any errors which the Scientologists felt were contained within them. This seemed to satisfy Mr Hoden and the files disappeared. Since then (September 1984) they have not been returned to me despite repeated requests. Various reasons were given but eventually I was told apologetically by a friendly official that it was not church policy to help those who dealt with 'squirrels' and this was why the Los Angeles org had retained the files. Having survived my interrogation, I flew back the next day to Boston where I was to meet the two men the Church of Scientology regards as its deadliest enemies - attorney Michael Flynn and psychiatrist Dr John Clark. 113 6 Mindbenders and Faithbreakers: Scientology and Psychiatry 'THE DAY Thou gavest, Lord, has ended. The darkness falls at Thy Behest.' The three hymn singers gathered round the small organ in the spacious split-level lounge of the New England house on a Sunday evening were singing lustily. Through the open windows the voices drifted down to a small lake surrounded by trees where their daughter had played as a child. Now in her thirties, she was seated at a harpsi- chord, while her father played the organ and her mother led the sing- ing in which I joined. It was September 1984. The music-loving family lived in the fashionable village of Weston, Mass., a few miles south- west of Boston. Their name - Clark. Six months earlier, the father of this family was described on Radio Station WXKS by Heber Jentzsch in the following terms: 'He was talking in a court process and basically he was asked, "Well, how do you feel about the worship of Satan?" and basically he indicated that was therapeutic. And then they said, "What about the worship of God?" and he indicated that was destruc- tive.' The quiet-voiced man with the greying beard who was playing hymns at the organ and singing was Dr John G. Clark Jr., M.D., private psychiatric practitioner and Assistant Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at the Harvard Medical School, Boston. It was hard to reconcile the softly spoken sixty-year-old man I met with the picture I had been given by the Scientologists. Indeed, I was carrying a briefing file on Dr Clark's 'crimes' which the Church of Scientology had supplied. They ranged from writing for the American *Atheist* magazine, to being involved in 'deprogramming' (the controversial technique to break an individual's involvement in religious cults). Further crimes were giving diagnoses without having met the patient and of 'genocide' in his attempt to destroy a religion. On investigating these charges, I found that none was well founded. 114 SCIENTOLOGY AND FAITHBREAKERS Certainly Dr Clark has been active in many of the key lawsuits against the Church of Scientology and even gave expert psychiatric evidence at the Justice Latey hearing in England in 1984 which resulted in the judge attacking Scientology publicly. Dr Clark is also one of the moving spirits behind the American Family Foundation, an anti-cult organization which is based in nearby Riverside, Mass., and which exists as a charity to disseminate information on cults and assist families with members involved in them. Despite his modest manner he is a determined and stubborn opponent of Scientology on whom the Church of Scientology has played many dirty tricks, including raking through the dustbins at his home, where he also has his con- sulting rooms, in an attempt to gain confidential material. In 1985 he counter-attacked by suing the Church of Scientology for $35 million for attempts to destroy him both professionally and personally. If the John G. Clark file which I was handed was authentic, there is no doubt that Dr Clark should not continue to command respect as a witness against Scientology, so before we hear his testimony, let us look at its contents. First, the article in the American *Atheist* of May 1977. It was not submitted by Dr Clark. It *was* written by him and analyses the destructive influence of cults upon mental health, but was sent to the *Atheist* magazine by Scientologists, who then proceeded to use the connection as criticism of Dr Clark. Second, is the charge of being involved with deprogramming. When I was in Los Angeles, I had been shown a video taken by Ted Patrick (alias 'Black Lightning') which had been subpoenaed in a court action against Patrick. It showed him forcibly restraining two young cultists, one a Scientologist, who had attempted to leave the room in which they were being 'deprogrammed' (a euphemism for roughly interrogated and brain-washed). It was not a pretty sight and Patrick has served jail sentences for his zealous efforts on behalf of parents which have included kidnap and assault. Whatever the shortcomings of many of the new religious movements, such as the Unification Church (the Moonies), Hare Krishna or Scientology, the use of such methods cannot be justified in any way whatsoever. However, the American Family Foundation do not practise 'deprogramming', as Dr Clark and the director, Dr Michael Langone, both told me. The photograph of Dr Clark sitting beside Ted Patrick at an informal Senate hearing in 1979 sponsored by Senator Robert Dole (which Scientologists show as proof of a liaison) was possible because Dr Clark was allocated that seat. He had no other dealings with Patrick. 115 RELIGION INC. The Satanism charge against Clark is based on remarks he made during cross-examination in the District Court Concord, New Hamp- shire, on 23 July 1980, during a lawsuit brought by Donald Kieffer against his former cult, the Moonies. It was the Scientologists themselves who supplied me with the transcript, but as in so many other cases of documentary 'evidence' they produce, it does not always bear the interpretation they put on it. Cross-examining Dr Clark, the Moonies' attorney, Jean-Claude Sakellarios, asked him if he believed that there is a devil. Dr Clark's testimony runs: Dr Clark: To people who are responding to that image in a vivid sort of way, the devil is a reality...the problem here is that I'm trying to deal with what people do, what their behaviour is, and to a degree relate whatever of their thought processes that may be expressed, to relate them to their behaviour. And if they wish to have a belief about the devil but they still don't sacrifice chickens to the devil, then anybody can believe in the devil. Counsel: That's healthy? Dr Clark: For some people it is perfectly healthy. There are all kinds of beliefs. I am not interested in people's beliefs unless they are made into acts that are egregious... Counsel: Do you think that believing in God is helpful? Dr Clark: I'm certain that it is helpful, but it's also been very very damaging for some people. It's how it is used. People then take the belief in God and take it all the way to him in human sacrifice. I would consider that, from my point of view, was bad behaviour. And its relationship to belief is interesting, but it's the behaviour that in court and open society is important. The actual answer by Dr Clark does not bear the interpretation put on it by Heber Jentzsch. I was therefore somewhat wary of three affidavits by an attorney who had been involved in a lawsuit in which Clark testified, a law student who had heard his testimony and a Scientologist mother of a youth whose father was seeking to prise him from the Church of Scientology. Few direct quotes are made in these affidavits from court transcripts, but Dr Clark is accused variously of being unfamiliar with the practice and doctrines of cults about which he testifies, yet of saying they would mutilate minds. 116 SCIENTOLOGY AND FAITHBREAKERS Dr Clark's response to these accusations is that he has examined hundreds of cultists and has often been asked hypothetical questions, such as whether it is possible to be harmed over a long period of time, but that he has always been careful to give evidence within the bounds of an opinion. Far more damaging is the other charge made by the Scientologists - that Clark is willing to give diagnoses without seeing patients and that he uses the very fact of cult membership as evidence of mental illness. In support of this, the Church of Scientology has circulated to every country where Dr Clark's opinions are quoted, a letter from the Complaints Committee of the Massachusetts Medical Board replying to allegations that Dr Clark had diagnosed a Hare Krishna devotee, Edward Shapiro, simply on the basis of his membership of the cult. The letter, signed by the chairman, George J. Annas J.D., states: 'the basis upon which this "diagnosis" was made seems inadequate, as mere membership of a religious organization can never, standing alone, be a sufficient basis for a diagnosis of mental illness'. Dr Clark points out that the Board investigated the complaint and decided to take no further action. Other activities of the Church of Scientology against Clark were to try to cause trouble for him at the Massachusetts General Hospital where he enjoys consultant status, by implying to the Board that he was using the hospital's name in connection with his anti-cult activities and research. Dr Clark laughs this one off, pointing out that he enjoys the confidence of the administration of the MGH. In Germany, the Scientologists tried to bring an action against Clark under the International Convention for the Prevention of Genocide because he was spreading theories that more than half the members of new religions were mentally ill, and was acting in a similar way to Nazi psychiatrists when they were engaged in annihilating religious minorities. The strong statements contained in their Press release linking Clark to the worst excesses of deprogramming were but one shot in a continuing campaign. Dr Clark alleges that he has re- ceived phone threats, false complaints filed about him as a physician and scurrilous rumours about affairs with female patients. There had been private investigators assigned to him, personnel records from a health centre where he worked were stolen and leaflets were handed out at MGH stating falsely that Clark believed in electro-shock therapy and that he had connections with the Nazi party. A reward of $25,000 was offered for information which would lead to a criminal conviction of Dr Clark. 117 RELIGION INC. The last straw for Clark came in 1985 when the Church of Scien- tology placed an advert in the *Boston Herald* of Tuesday, 19 February, headed 'Have your rights been violated by Dr John G. Clark?' It went on to suggest anti-religious activities and professional malpractice and asked respondents to contact the local Church of Scientology at 448 Beacon Street, Boston. Dr John Clark had had enough. He began a massive lawsuit for $35 million in damages against Hubbard, alleging defamation, invasion of privacy, malicious prosecution and finally conspiracy 'to silence plaintiff; to inflict severe professional, personal and emotional injury on plaintiff and if possible to destroy him completely.' On hearing of the suit, the swashbuckling Heber Jentzsch re- sponded in characteristic style. 'Dr Clark, 'he said, 'is obviously suffer- ing from paranoid schizophrenia and should avail himself of im- mediate electro-shock treatment so that [he] may demonstrate to the world the efficacy of such.' He repeated the charges that Dr Clark was engaged in a conspiracy against religion and hinted that he was involved with the CIA in this process. Since he had not visited a Church of Scientology, said Jentzsch, his scientific enquiry must be based upon clairvoyance. Although Clark has not done research within the Church of Scien- tology, his involvement dates from the mid-seventies when he was called to testify in several cases involving cult members. He now feels he has seen enough of the casualties of the movement to be able to state categorically that Scientology harms the mind. Apart from that clinical stance, he goes further, charging a true lack of any tested scien- tific viewpoint for Hubbard's theories. But his moral indignation is aroused because 'from beginning to end they do not take responsibility for damage to individuals or their families'. His criticism comes under two heads: BEHAVIOUR and INTENT. 'Their intent is to bring in money. They push an individual who is about to take a course, or in it, to the point where they can't do without them. And they get a lot of money. They believe that their ideas are the only true ones that anybody should pay any attention to. Thus they act in an antagonistic way toward any who don't share their beliefs and act as if these people do not have rights.' But Clark adds that it is not simply money that Scien- tology craves - it is *control*: 'The testimonies of those inside who say their life has been changed For the better are not scientific evidence. I have seen people who have taken several years after exposure to get back peace of mind. There are many things that we would regard as anti-family - easy marriages and easy divorces. They work some- 118 SCIENTOLOGY AND FAITHBREAKERS times eighteen to twenty hours a day and there is strict control. They are told to look as if they are enjoying it, so it's impossible just looking in to know what's going on inside these people. Talking is not the only thing that goes on in auditing. There's the atmosphere. The whole set- up. The magic of assertions. The *intention* of the auditing is to change the way that the mind works. It's quite different from psychiatric in- tention, which is to return to the best capacity of which the mind is capable. Over and over again in history people have found out how to influence others. In the twentieth century there are so many therapies that the religious and spiritual aspect which came about from pushing the mind came to be seen as religion rather than than psychotherapy. One of the problems that came from that is that the pressure used on people for spiritual and therapeutic purposes can harm some. The celebrities are treated in a different way - the Ethics people don't come down on them. Their experience is that everything is OK. It's well known that the celebrities feed very well indeed. But when those who have to slave get into trouble they are really punished and hurt in so many ways, all the way to being locked up in chains. There's an underlying cruelty in the whole thing.' I put it to Dr Clark that some of the 'slaves' I had seen seemed very happy, but he was undaunted. 'Even in the pre-Civil War days, slaves had their tasks, their place in the culture and they were not miserable by any means. It's the same with Scientology, which is a kind of slavery.' I suggested that apologists for the Sea Org would see it as a kind of monasticism and the authority of the Church of Scientology as akin to the control exerted by a hierarchical church over its monks and nuns. But Dr Clark was having none of that. 'The Roman Catholic Church at some of its worst times did play a lot of these sorts of games but today there is no such pressure. It's made harder to get in and there is a link with the family. I don't think the Roman Catholic Church is capable of hating families who have differences with the practice of the Church in the way that Scientology is.' Dr Clark then made a theological point which placed Scientology accurately within the religious spectrum. He called it gnostic - like many of the cults which existed around the time of Christ, peddling their brand of 'gnosis' or knowledge by which the follower could escape the handicap of this world. One of the catch-phrases of these groups was '*soma sema*'(a Greek pun meaning the body is a tomb). It resulted in disassociation of soul from the body, the latter being rejected as excess earthly baggage. Taken to its extreme, this theology meant that it did not matter what the body did by way of immoral 119 RELIGION INC. acts: the 'soul' was 'saved' nonetheless. Dr Clark offered a partial ex- planation for the glaring discrepancies between Scientology theory and practice when he said, 'The gnostic does not care whether their mind survives.' Dr Clark agrees that it is too easy to say that Scientology is not a religion at all but a con-game for making money and that its track- record disqualified it from being treated as a religion. It is more like a religion gone wrong - a monster which has been created out of the deep waters of the mind into which various psychotherapies have been learned to fish with great success. Being 'born again' can now be achieved in a church or on a psychotherapist's couch. Dr Clark puts it thus: 'With the process of re-inventing these means of transforming comes a moment of inventing, a moment of genius. The inventor maybe says let me do this to help the family, health or some other. But because he has this power he must defend it and that leads to the "perfect and special power" over which I think that the cult leaders make their mistake - and I would have to apply that to Scientology and its leader.' The irony about the battle between the psychiatrists and the Scien- tologists is that almost identical terms are used by each group about the other. The psychiatric lobby see the Church of Scientology as perverted religion. Scientology views them as persecutors of religion. The psychiatrists view auditing as a form of brain-washing, while the Church of Scientology says it is the American Family Foundation run by Dr Clark which is practising brain-washing by deprogramming members of new religious movements. Scientology proclaims that it is 'clearing the planet', a noble and humanist goal, while its critics see it as a destructive cult which breaks up families. Both groups cannot be right. Certainly there is much that is on target about the criticism of psychiatry by the Church of Scientology. When Hubbard attacked 'brutal assaults on the brain' in the Dianetics era, he was undoubtedly ahead of his time. Nowadays the Church of Scientology gains public support for its campaigns on mental health issues such as ECT and the use of such drugs as Mandrax to treat psychoses. There were also the excesses of many freaky psychiatrists in the USA who regarded the possession of a couch as a licence to inflict all kinds of weird therapy including sex and nude romps. Hiding such perversion behind the cloak of medicine was rightly condemned. There was also legislation such as the Alaska Mental Health Act (introduced into the United 120 SCIENTOLOGY AND FAITHBREAKERS States Congress in 1955) which effectively removed the civil rights of any person who might be diagnosed as mentally ill and put psychiatrists into the position of secret policemen were this power to be abused. Scientologists call it the 'Siberia Bill' and claim Hubbard was instrumental in blocking it, incurring the enmity of psychiatrists. Subsequent champions of 'alternative psychiatry', such as Thomas Szasz (not a Scientologist), were able to argue that the growth of psychiatry was itself a source of much mental illness, the diseases emerging to fit the symptoms which had been invented by the psychiatrists. Hubbard's case against the psychiatrists was summed up by him in an edition of *Freedom* magazine in 1970 (which now runs regular pieces by Szasz). He wrote: 'The psychiatrist, psychologist and their clerk, the sociologist, point out how bad things are getting and demand even more money. The patients who live get crazier and the State itself becomes imperilled and yet no psychiatrist or psychologist or their mental-health cliques ever pay back a penny of their unearned fees.' Scientology saw itself as a radical alternative to psychiatry (Jentzsch's 'clash of two ideas') in which the Establishment was backing the enemy. Evidence that the CIA was toying with mind-control pro- grammes in the fifties, later code-named MKULTRA, was uncovered by Hubbard who made the most of this as propaganda. This is presented as the reason government agencies have opposed Scien- tology. The excesses of the deprogrammers in kidnapping young cultists and subjecting them to interrogation sessions to 'break' their allegiance to their religion were further evidence of the Great Beast of psychiatry devouring their religion. Another rebel psychiatrist who saw dangers from his own pro- fession is Dr Lee Coleman who practises in Berkeley, CA. In a booklet, *Psychiatry the Faithbreaker*, he argues that the testimony of Dr Clark and other anti-cultists has encouraged opposition to new religious movements which amounts almost to persecution and denial of human rights. 'The anti-cult movement is asking Society to do the very thing it claims "cults" are doing. It asks Society to turn over independent-thinking to gurus. But in this case the gurus are psychiatrists. I see no difference between the outlandish claim that Jim Jones [the founder of a notorious cult whose followers committed mass suicide in Jonestown, Guyana in 1977] could cure cancer and the equally outlandish claim that a psychiatrist can tell an unwashed brain from a washed one. As long as we persist in elevating psychiatrists to 121 RELIGION INC. the position of god-like wisdom we will be guilty of the same mistake made by those who turn over their independent thinking to someone else.' Dr Coleman compares the unquestioning way in which cultists swallow dogma from their guru to the way in which he was taught to accept everything Freud had said as gospel and concludes: 'Whatever events led up to the deaths of all those people in Jonestown, I am convinced that a major factor was this willingness of the congrega- tion to turn over its decisions to one person.' Although Dr Coleman's booklet is circulated and commended by Scientology, it is easy to that see that by this criterion of 'guru- centricity', Hubbard's minions stand convicted themselves. All the 'tech' was produced by Ron who wrote the policy, laid down how it should be run and, as we have seen, is still ubiquitous, if not omni- present, in photographs and slogans on the walls of every org. His taped voice is played to inductees. Scientology is the conception, realization and organization of one man. Most of the anti-cultists' activity is directed against the Unification Church, or Moonies. Most of the brain-washing literature draws extensively on Moonie methods with which we are not concerned here. It is also fair to add that generalizations about cult methods will not always do justice to the particular situation within a new religious movement. Even the anti-cultists acknowledge that alongside the destructive cults there are 'benign' ones. But despite differences of doctrine and style between the cults, there are common effects in the area which has come to be known as brain-washing and it is worth looking at some of these. My guide was Dr Michael Langone, a psychologist who is Director of Research at the American Family Foundation in Weston, Mass. The AFF occupies a spacious basement of a wooden office block in the centre of this small village. Here the AFF produces its magazine *The Cult Observer*, which is a pastiche of cuttings of stories involving cults which had been published in newspapers. An extensive library and files on subscribers and supporters occupy other rooms. Dr Langone showed me into his tiny, windowless office and displayed the array of literature which the AFF has produced to help families, counsellors and those professionally involved with cults. The most concise of these booklets is *Destructive Cultism: Questions and Answers*, which is aimed mainly at parents of cult members. It states: 'Destructive cults can frighten a convert's family, deprive the convert of his autonomy and financial assets, interfere with his psychological development and impede the adjustment of 122 SCIENTOLOGY AND FAITHBREAKERS those members who leave the group to return to mainline society.' Dr Langone is not an advocate of 'deprogramming' because of the negative image which some practitioners have given it, but says he has seen too many young people who have benefited from it to condemn all forms of deprogramming. 'I prefer "re-evaluation counselling" to describe those converts who come out voluntarily and reserve deprogramming for the rescue/detention process. It might take many days of marathon sessions of talking to help someone reawaken their old personality, think critically and reconsider their cult involve- ment.' He conceded that one third of cultists leave voluntarily, another third after counselling and that the failure rate in deprogram- ming is high (one third), so the other methods are more likely to be effective anyway. Dr Langone rejects the charge that the AFF cannot tell an unwashed brain from a washed one. 'You can't deprogram someone who isn't programmed. The brain-washing is real but it's not all Korean War stuff. It's more complex than that and often takes place over years.' It is here that the cult differs from a religious philosophy. The motives which make someone susceptible to a cult and the induce- ments which are offered to the convert are the desires and aspirations of the average person. The selling methods used are those of many products and organizations - and there is nothing wrong or remarkable in that. Some critics act as if the very act of wanting to interest someone in a new religion is suspicious in itself. If it were, totalitarianism would indeed have arrived, as the Scientologists claim. But the significant departure point is the factor of mind control. >From the AFF studies it is possible to point to several ways in which the cult differs from simple religious philosophy. In 'Religious Totalism: Gentle and Ungentle Persuasion under the First Amendment' (*Southern California Law Review*, November 1977) Richard Delgado argues that it is possible to draw a line between the cults and other acceptable forms of recruitment and proselytizing. 'The first is that religious cults expose their indoctrinees to a greater variety of classic mind-control techniques than other groups do, and apply these with greater intensity. Jesuit and other training institu- tions may isolate the seminarian from the rest of the world at various stages of the training period but the training does not involve physiological depletion nor does the order deceive the candidate con- cerning the duties required of members...the second answer con- cerns the end-state, or result, of religious mind control....The legislative and judicial findings, first-person accounts by ex-cult 123 RELIGION INC. members, case studies by psychiatrists and psychologists dispel any possibility of equating the effects of cult brain-washing with those of other groups and institutions. Television commercials may induce ennui and torpor but they rarely cause mental breakdowns; Jesuit training rarely results in broken bones, scabies or suicide.' Delgado's study and those of the AFF psychiatrists and psychologists may seem too general to be precisely applied to any one cult. Equally the Scientologists could argue that these studies are perhaps applicable to the Moonies but not to them. They could, but they do not. Their position is that all the studies are misconceived and malicious persecution. Instead of arguing 'yes, that maybe is true but it doesn't apply to us', the Church of Scientology prefers to mount an all- out attack on the health professionals. It does not discuss the evidence but escalates the battle into an all-out war between the cults and their critics. The question then becomes one of the credibility of the psychiatric testimony, not whether it applies to Scientology. There follows a summary of the ways in which psychiatrists of the AFF describe the process of mind control practised by the cults in general. (I have added examples which may demonstrate their relevance to Scientology in particular.) (1) Unending personalized attention by cult members in the initial phase *overload* the recruit's information processing capacity. This neutralizes his *critical thinking* during the courses, which attain a spurious sense of profundity and importance. The repetition of the drills time after time has a wearing down effect. Like soldiers being drilled the independent mind is depressed to the point where the recruit repeats what he is ordered to do unquestioningly. (2) *Isolation* (residential courses or the ultimate isolation of ship- board life) gradually supplant the former life with the reality of life inside the cult. (3) Traditional sources of *knowledge* are either *despised* or not present (the dictionaries to be found in every org course-room define words the Hubbard way. No reference material is permitted other than that written by Hubbard.) The org-speak is an alphabet soup of initials, jargon and pseudo-technical expressions. This heightens the impression that a science is being taught and that it is esoteric and unavailable to the bungling ignoramuses in the outside world. (4) The long hours of courses and the *debilitating effect* of a beans and rice *diet and fatigue* cannot but play a part too in the weakening of independent thought. Constant pressure is kept up and breaks are strictly regulated. 124 SCIENTOLOGY AND FAITHBREAKERS (5) All this is reinforced by an authoritarian system and *punishment and reward*. The recruit's idea of how he is doing is not the criterion of success. Always there is the course supervisor whose approval must be sought. This regimentation teaches obedience from the beginning. (6) The *esprit de corps* of the org is important also. *Group pressure*, especially the atmosphere of excitement that they are about to change the world, helps sweep the recruit onward. Joining the staff is regarded as proof of loyalty and seriousness of intent. Once the step of joining the staff is taken, the former world is rapidly left behind. Waking hours belong to the org, which furnishes friends, bosses and sources of information. (7) Most powerful are perhaps *dissociative processes*. Auditing is the 'sacrament' of Scientology, the open sesame to advancement spiritually and within the hierarchy of the church. The non-staff member will have pressure put on him to take more and more courses, if necessary borrowing money to do so. The staff member can have more auditing without paying, but each hour on the E-Meter cans sharpens the sword of Damocles hovering above him should he leave and have to pay a freeloader bill. Auditing itself completes the process. The traumatic episodes in the recruit's past are teased out and put in front of him. The quick-fire questioning of the auditor forces the recruit through the process on the basis that Hubbard has outlined, i.e., if in the hothouse atmosphere of auditing he is told that a par- ticular incident is from a past life, then that is the basis on which he deals with it - implicitly accepting the Scientology system. The AFF sum up the manipulative factors used by cults under these heads: DENIGRATION OF CRITICAL THINKING; GROUP PRESSURE; DISSOCI- ATION; GUILT INDUCTION; REWARDS AND PUNISHMENTS. Taken together and promoted all day long, they constitute a powerful control process. Another factor in cult techniques was identified by Conway and Siegelmann in *Snapping: America's Sudden Epidemic of Personality Change*, published in 1978. Crudely, their theory was that the conver- sion methods of the cults led to a point where the information overload, the peer pressure, the isolation, guilt, inadequacy, and all the rest, became impossible to resist. 'Snapping' took place and thereafter the recruit was deeply involved. It was as if the recruit's mind opened at this moment like a clenched oyster revealing the soft and vulnerable inner self into which the cult thrust its sour pearl of wisdom. Evangelical crusades employ the same technique but once 'Christ' is received the evangelist does not invoke an organizational 125 RELIGION INC. control system to ensure adherence to him, which makes the difference between this and a cult. The technique was adapted by pop singer P.J. Proby from a southern Baptist preacher he had watched and he was able to 'work an audience' to the brink of hysteria. 'Snapping' within the cults is a more private, low-key affair. Conway and Siegelmann were among those who suffered lawsuits from the Church of Scien- tology for the application of their theory to Scientology. The ordinary course-rooms I visited in Britain and America were not buzzing with any such hysterical enthusiasm, but Religious Studies researcher Sarah Hogge during her sojourn at Saint Hill recorded several such sessions. At the beginning of every day's study a passage by Hubbard is read aloud. Here is the transcript of a session in which the supervisor was 'Charles'. C: So take a seat...good. I have got a bit of LRH to read to you. It's from one of the Study Tapes, number 5, called "Evaluation of Information". OK?..."Now of course some of the teachers I had on the subject of anti-submarine warfare were busy teaching me how to build. How to build, if you please. There was a war going on. I didn't have any time to build anything. I tried to explain it to them...that's one of the things they taught me, and boy was I able to catch up on my sleep [*laughter*] because I just knew...that out there in the middle of the Pacific Ocean with my hands full of Jap submarines I was not gonna have to build one of these things. I was merely gonna have to know how to use it and, if necessary, repair it ...I figured out that in the middle of action...that's all I would need to know about that equipment, so I had myself a nice sleep." [*laughter*] C: OK [*laughter*], that's to give you an idea what you're gonna use the data for, rather than get stuck in an encyclopaedia for hours looking up something like physics which is not what we teach you here. OK? Note the smiling endorsement of Ron's exploits as a war hero which, of course, are false. After 'Scripture', the supervisor always asks if the class is ready to start. The following exercise is then performed, running through the 'tone-scale', which gets everyone laughing and generally hyped up. In this transcript the supervisor was still Charles: C: So are you ready to start? [*very brightly but only a few 126 SCIENTOLOGY AND FAITHBREAKERS reply*] Good. OK. So I want you to answer me in apathy. OK? Are you ready to start? All: Yeah [*general groans*]. C: Good, Now answer me in grief. OK. Are you ready to start? All: [*crying and wailing noises*] C: Good. Now answer me in despair. Are you ready to start? All: [*sighs*] C: Good. Now answer me in fear, Are you ready to start? All: [*wails of terror*] C: Good. Now answer me in covert hostility. Are you ready to start? All: Yeah [*in suspicious, so what's-it-to-you voices*] C: Good. Now answer me in hate. Are you ready to start? All: Yes [*shouts of anger*] C: Good. Now answer me in pain. Are you ready to start? All: Yes [*with gritted teeth*] C: Good. Now answer me in boredom. Are you ready to start? All: Yeah [*apathetic*] C: Good. Now answer me in mild interest. Are you ready to start? All: Yeah [*intonation rising*] C: Good. Now answer me in strong interest [*the supervisors voice becomes very enthusiastic*]. Are you ready to start? All: Yes. C: Now answer me in cheerfulness. Are you ready to start? All: Yes [*enthusiastic*] C: Good. Now answer me with enthusiasm. Are you ready to start? All: YES [*shouted*] C: Good. Now answer me in exhilaration. Are you ready to start? All: YES [*shouted ecstatically*] C: Good. Start. Note the constant repetition of commands which is a feature of auditing, as we saw earlier, and all the other drills which must be carried out to the letter as Hubbard wrote them, right down to the responses of 'OK'. It is a strange study system which needs to work the students into a frenzy before they can put their intellectual powers to work, but, on the other hand, if the process is seen as manipulation of the emotions then it is perfectly clear what is going on. At the end of 127 RELIGION INC. the afternoon there is another muster, at which students are encour- aged to share their 'wins' with the others. In the following extract, the supervisor was called Pauline. P: Who's on target? [*All hands go up.*] Who's likely to make their target by the end of the day? [*All hands go up.*] Who'd have made their target if they hadn't been doing something else like drilling? [*All hands go up.*] OK, that's good. [*Everyone claps.*] Who'd like to share a win? [*All hands go up.*] Who's going to start the bail rolling? German Girl: I got the vision today that we're really gonna make it and that we're really gonna clear this planet and when we've done that we're gonna go on to other planets. It doesn't matter if people go on outside dropping the atom bomb. We're in here and we're up there and we'll carry on with this study. We'll really do something to save this planet that really feels good. [*Mass applause.*] French Lady: I'm right at the end of my Dianetics book and it gives me a much clearer insight into the auditing I got before and so it's very very good to see how it all worked...I've been happy right from the start of the training. [*Everyone claps.*] American Lady: I really enjoyed doing TRs today. I find it so much easier to look up these words. It's great. [*Laughter.*] I had some great wins today. [*Mass applause.*] The whole atmosphere is one of mild hysteria. Zeal is rewarded. Staff are encouraged to inform on any ethics breaches by other Scien- tologists. Staff Scientologists received rewards of $400 to $1,000 for information leading to the return of the 'scriptures' stolen by Robin Scott. Time and time again one comes across amazing contradictions within Scientology. There are those who want to 'clear the planet' and establish their new kingdom of heaven. There are the paramilitary uniforms and the interrogations by Ethics and Finance Police. There are the ordinary troops, some of whom are totally unaware of the terror-tactics employed by the shock troops. There are the symbolic echoes of occultism in the symbols and the interests of the founder. And there is the founder himself - paranoid and schizophrenic, yet a leader who could mesmerize and charm followers into fanatical devotion. The same question might be asked of Hubbard that many have asked about Hitler - was he mad or bad? Attorney Michael Flynn is fond of using the Hitler analogy to 128 [2nd set of plates: 8 pages; 14 photos] 13 *Above*: The Church of Scientology complex at 4833 Fountain Avenue, Los Angeles, formerly the Mount Sinai Cedars of Lebanon Hospital 14 *Below*: Mrs Shirley Young (*left*) and Mrs Susan Jones, my guides in Los Angeles 15 *Above*: Dr John G. Clark, psychiatrist and Assistant Clinical Professor at Harvard Medical School 16 *Right*: Michael Flynn, the Boston attorney who has been involved in numerous cases of litigation against the Church of Scientology 17 *Left*: David Mayo, former senior aide to Hubbard, and now heading the breakaway movement of the Church of New Civilization in Santa Barbara 18 *Below:* Heber Jentzsch, President of the Church of Scientology International 19 *Above*: Church of Scientology Finance Police unloading surveillance equipment 20 *Left*: A security guard patrolling outside the Los Angeles HQ of the Church of Scientology 21 *Above*: Golden Era Studios at Gilman Springs, situated across the Highway 22 *Below*: Heber Jentzsch and the make up supervisor at the Golden Era Studios 23 *Above right*: Aerial view of the mock-up clipper-ship built at Gilman Springs, Southern California 24 *Below right*: The swimming-pool and clipper- ship at Gilman Springs 25 *Above*: The author photographed aboard the clipper-ship at Gilman Springs 26 *Below*: Most official photographs of Hubbard published by the Church of Scientology show him in the golden days of the *Apollo* voyages or earlier. This one, taken from a television documentary, in 1973, shows the 'Commodore' to be deteriorating rapidly [end of 2nd set of plates] SCIENTOLOGY AND FAITHBREAKERS describe Hubbard. He cites the 'Suppressive Person' doctrine as a common device of dictators throughout history to eliminate their opponents. Flynn asserts that Hubbard's intentions were malevolent from the start and money and power were his objectives. As quoted earlier, Flynn says: 'The whole thing begins and ends in the mind and intentions of Ron Hubbard.' But was that mind diseased when it conceived the vision of Scientology? Hubbard's estranged son by his first wife Margaret, Ronald DeWolf (alias 'Nibs' Hubbard), believes that it was. He has several times alleged that Hubbard, the great anti-narcotic campaigner, was himself a frequent drug user and even fed DeWolf phenobarbital in his bubble-gum to make him into a 'moon-child', prompted by his occult interests. DeWolf says his mother told him about his father's interest in the 1930s in PDH - which stands for Pain, Drugs, Hyp- nosis. Ron's use of it coupled with black magic was an effective form of brain-washing which he incorporated into his early Scien- tology materials. 'You'll see PDH throughout early Scientology literature,' DeWolf told Dennis Wheeler of the Santa Rosa *News- Herald* in 1982, describing the early days of Scientology as satyricon on tour, an orgy of black magic, drugs and the abuse of women followers. DeWolf, now in his early fifties, was a partici- pant in this as Executive Secretary of the Church of Scientology. He has inherited his father's red hair and jokingly refers to himself in those days as 'the great red godlet'. His wife persuaded him to quit the church in 1959 and he has been estranged From his father since that time. To avoid Church of Scientology 'harassment' he changed his name in 1972. In June 1983 he gave an interview to *Penthouse* magazine in which he detailed further charges of sado-masochism, black magic and fraud against his father. The credibility of DeWolf's testimony was undermined by a videotape made in November 1972 of an interview with Scientology official Arthur J. Maren in which DeWolf confessed that all the damning statements he had made previously about his father [in the sixties] were completely untrue. Asked several times whether he had been asked or forced to make this retraction, DeWolf asserted each time that he had contacted the Church of Scientology himself 'out of the blue' to make the recanta- tion. When *Penthouse* published their article in June 1983, the Church of Scientology was in a strong position to demand a right of reply and in January 1984 the magazine duly ran an extended article by Heber Jentzsch puffing the merits of Hubbard. It would 129 RELIGION INC. therefore be unwise to base any final assessment of Hubbard's mental state during the formative years of Scientology upon DeWolf's evidence. There is, however, another testimony from one of those close to Hubbard: the divorce petition filed by his second wife, Sara Northrup, on 23 April 1951 in Los Angeles County Superior Court charges Hubbard with bigamy and torture. The original was inexplicably miss- ing from the courthouse records but astute reporters from the *St Petersburg Times* tracked down a copy. In it she alleged that Hubbard presented himself as a bachelor when they married on 10 August 1946 in Chestertown Maryland, but that he was not divorced from his first wife, Margaret Grubb Hubbard, of Bremertown, Washington, until a year later. She claimed that Hubbard had con- ducted drug experiments on her and had even counselled her to commit suicide as he feared a divorce would harm his reputation. Margaret Hubbard died an alcoholic in 1963 but Sara remarried and has slipped into obscurity. That is a pity since she could now confirm whether or not the recantation she 'signed' on 11 June 1951 is genuine. In it she states: 'I have not at any time believed otherwise than that L. Ron Hubbard was a fine and brilliant man...I have begun to realize that what I have done may have injured the science of Dianetics, which in my studied opinion may be the only hope of sanity in future genera- tions.' The *St Petersburg Times* comments: 'The statement bears the subtle marks of L. Ron Hubbard's handiwork. The stilted language is similar to his writing style and the recantation includes a sentence with the word "enturbulating" which is not to be found in a dictionary but sometimes appears in Hubbard's writings.' If Mrs Hubbard II is alive, she probably regards discretion as the better part of valour since she would be regarded as 'Fair Game' with a vengeance. Mrs Hubbard III (Mary Sue Whipp) did not fare much better. When she became a liability to LRH's personal security after the Guardians' indictment, she was forced into isolation from her husband. Love and loyalty did not seem to extend to Mary Sue from either Hubbard or his lieutenants who are said to have treated her contemptuously. In his will they got nearly all his money, not her. Hubbard's psychotic behaviour from the earliest years of Scien- tology does not depend only upon the tormented members of his immediate family. Ironically some of the evidence for Hubbard's psychotic personality was supplied to me by the Church of Scien- tology in a large dossier compiled to rebut DeWolf's allegations in the *Penthouse* interview, and is in LRH's own writing. DeWolf had made 130 SCIENTOLOGY AND FAITHBREAKERS some rather lurid claims about Hubbard teaching hypnosis to a British politician (revealed later as the late Tom Driberg, a notorious homo- sexual) so that he could seduce boys, and that they had both been in the pay of the Russians who had supplied the money to buy Saint Hill Manor. In rebuttal of this allegation, and to prove that Hubbard was a loyal American, the dossier contains letters which Hubbard wrote to the FBI in March 1951 tipping them off about alleged Communist infil- trators within the Dianetics movement. Some, like Richard Halpern of New York, were 'only very faintly suspected due to small objections to our having loyalty oaths'. (Hubbard had insisted that all the HDRF employees should take an oath of loyalty to the US Government, forswear Communism and that copies of their fingerprints should be sent to the FBI. It was a gesture which would have gladdened Senator McCarthy's heart.) But one other suspect listed in the letters is worth noting. It is Hubbard's own wife: 'Sara Northrup (Hubbard)...Had been friendly with many Communists. Currently intimate with them but evidently under coercion. Drug addiction set in, Fall 1950. Nothing of this known to me until a few weeks ago. Separation papers being filed and divorce applied for.' For caddish acts that takes some beating. The early 1950s often found Hubbard writing to the FBI about plots against him. One reads as follows: 'About 2 or 3 o'clock in the morning my apartment was entered. I was knocked out, had a needle thrust in my heart to give it a jet of air to produce a coronary thrombosis and was given an electric shock with a 110 volt current. All this is very blurred to me. I had no witnesses.' He talked of Communist inspired plots to infiltrate Scientology by slipping LSD to members. By 1955 the FBI were wearying of this deranged informant and one letter has the notation 'appears mental' scrawled across it. In 1947 Hubbard applied for psychiatric treatment himself, a fact which may come as a surprise to those who see him as the scourge of psychiatry. In a letter dated 14 October 1947 to the Veterans' Admini- stration from his Hollywood address, he wrote: 'Gentlemen, This is a request for treatment. After trying and failing for two years to regain my equilibrium in civil life, I am utterly unable to approach anything like my own competence. My last physician informed me that it might be very helpful if I were to be examined and perhaps treated psychiatrically or even by a psychoanalyst. Toward the end of my service I avoided out of pride any mental examinations, hoping that time would balance a mind which I had every reason to suppose was seriously affected.' Hubbard goes on to tell of depression and suicidal 131 RELIGION INC. tendencies and concludes 'Would you please help me? Sincerely, Ron Hubbard.' The letter was one of the documents seized in the 1977 FBI raid and it is not known whether Hubbard received treatment. Whether or not the letter is a sick attempt to con the Veterans' Administration into upping his disability pension is not clear. However, within a few years Hubbard had developed his intense hatred for psychiatry. The explanation for this change of attitude may lie in the power struggle. In the early years of Dianetics, Hubbard attempted to win over the medical profession with Dr Joe Winter's help, but Hubbard's style put them off and in 1951 the New Jersey Board of Medical Examiners had initiated an injunction against the Elizabeth Foundation of the Dianetics movement for con- ducting a school of medicine without a licence. Wallis 1 (pp. 73-4) concludes: 'It was almost certainly as a result of the publicity given to this action that creditors of the Foundation began to demand settle- ment, leading to the reorganization and centralization of the Founda- tion at Wichita. Possibly as a result of this response from the established therapeutic professions, Hubbard has since demonstrated a marked antagonism to medical practitioners, and to psychiatrists in particular.' The vehemence and black propaganda which were the hallmarks of Hubbard's paranoia were directed particularly at mental health organizations, which were high on the Scientology list of 'enemies'. He was convinced that a mysterious organization referred to as the 'Tenyaka Memorial' was co-ordinating attacks on Scientology worldwide and that the UK-based World Federation for Mental Health (WFMH) and the National Association for Mental Health (NAMH) were behind it. A number of the FBI documents deal with the hunt for the Tenyaka Memorial organization. The 'central handler', according to Hubbard in a memo of 6 May 1971 marked 'Secret', was the secretary of the NAMH, Mary Appleby. 'It is she who writes and phones her contacts to start attacks on Scientology,' said Hubbard and went on to suggest that these attacks were the work of a Nazi network of drug companies, banks and psychiatrists, aimed at conquering the world. One Guardians' Office directive against the WFMH dated 27 March 1974 - sent from Saint Hill to the US - reads. 'Now the secretariat is in Jamaica and I would like a mission sent to finish off the files and make quite sure we have cleared them out. As it is closest to your area, could you please select 1 *The Road to Total Freedom* 132 SCIENTOLOGY AND FAITHBREAKERS missionaries with a decent cover etc so we can finish them off. What I am after is any files on Scientology, Dianetics, LRH etc that the WFMH has.' Yet another irony about Hubbard's antipathy to psychiatry is that many of the ideas upon which Scientology is based seem close to classic Freudianism, i.e. trauma experienced in childhood which gives rise to 'engrams'. Indeed, the debt was acknowledged by Hubbard himself in *Certainty* (a critique of psychoanalysis), p. 4, published in 1962. 'The discovery of the engram is entirely the property of Dianetics. Methods of its erasure are owned entirely by Dianetics but both of these were pointed to by early Freudian analysis and hypnotism.' Wallis records that Hubbard was a skilled practitioner of hypnosis, although in DMSMH he distinguishes between returning and reliving in Dianetics from regression and revivification in hypnosis. However, the process of auditing is arguably para-hypnosis and auditors are enjoined to add a 'canceller' at the end of a session that any suggestion given by them during the suggestion will be nullified. What is unique to Scientology is the blend of the Freudian with the occultist framework, the pseudo-scientific terminology, and the Eastern idea of reincarnation. There is no doubt that Hubbard's mind was fertile. His lengthy list of published work in science fiction is a testimony to that. Between the years 1930-50 he is purported to have written fifteen million words under some twenty pen-names. They may not have been works of outstanding merit but they sold. Where his genius lay was his ability to see a gap in the rising tide of new religions and psychotherapies and to write a system which could be floated in that market. From the foregoing it must be evident that it was mad genius. What flowed from it later, demonstrated that this genius was bad as well as mad. 133 7 Cops and Robbers: Scientology and the Law 'I DON'T like bullies. Especially Fascist bullies.' Boston attorney Michael Flynn was referring to his arch-enemy, L. Ron Hubbard. He lay back in his leather armchair and swung his feet up on to the desk among the stacks of documents. One wall of the small room is stacked with books, in the corner a spiral staircase connects the floors of number 12 Union Wharf, Boston, where Flynn and his partners have their office. It is a low, long building constructed right on the side of the wharf and as we talked, yachts bobbed up and down beneath the window on the west side of Flynn's office. He is a talker. The self- assured and fluent tone, the machine-gun rattle of facts and ideas, betray the prize-winning law student who has become a prosperous lawyer and Scientology's greatest enemy. As the sun streamed in through his window on that September afternoon, Flynn told me in his Boston Irish accent what had started him on his crusade against Hubbard and his church. 'This girl came to see me in 1979. They were doing awful things to her. Then they started doing awful things to me.' The girl was a former Scientologist and resi- dent of Nevada named Lavenda van Schaick and the 'awful' things in- cluded attempts to get Flynn disbarred. Then there was the time when Flynn's private plane mysteriously acquired water in the fuel tanks and was forced to make an emergency landing. Flynn has no proof that the Scientologists were behind it. However, he has his suspicions. These are vehemently denied by the Church of Scientology's Presi- dent, Heber Jentzsch: 'It's nonsense.' He told me that the Church of Scientology had conducted expensive investigations which showed that light aircraft of the type owned by Flynn were prone to condens- ation in the fuel tanks. With the record in dealing with opponents of Scientology it was 134 COPS AND ROBBERS not surprising that Michael Flynn should believe that he was singled out for some attention. Several complaints against him were filed with the Massachusetts Bar Association and private investigators put onto the scent. For a while Scientologists rented a flat opposite his office at Union Wharf and observed the clients who came and went. It was at this time that certain documents were, says the Church of Scien- tology, 'retrieved' from Flynn's wastepaper dustbin. 'Horse manure,' says Flynn. They were stolen from this office.' The documents in ques- tion were shown to me in a 'Flynn File' kept by the Church of Scien- tology. They relate to the setting up in August 1980 of a company styled FAMCO (Flynn Associates Management Corporation), which the Church of Scientology alleges was a front to sell shares in the hope of raising money to finance litigation against the Church of Scien- tology. The aim, they say, was to break Scientology by lawsuits across the country and make a profit by so doing. Flynn points out that the documents concerned three different activities and were con- fated by the Church of Scientology to make it look as if he was illegally raising money for litigation. All complaints against him to the Bar Association have been dismissed and he has countered by suing the Church of Scientology for making malicious complaints. One undeniable fact is that Michael Flynn has sought to maximize his lawsuits against Scientology by extending the so-called 'class- action' to a series of individual lawsuits brought by disaffected Scien- tologists around the USA. The research, the witnesses, the previous pleadings undertaken by Flynn, were to be used as an anti-Scientology prosecution 'kit'. One document 'retrieved' puts it thus: 'It is projected that this activity will generate a chain-reaction in bringing former Scientologists out of the woodwork as well as generate massive publicity to assist in this endeavour. The purpose of this activity is to substitute individual actions for the class action which is currently pending in the Federal District Court of Boston and which inherently involves problems relating to jurisdiction, conflicts of laws, and damages.' As viewed by the Church of Scientology this was 'genocide of a religion' and persecution of a religious organization through the courts in direct contradiction of the First Amendment to the US Constitution which guarantees separation of churches from State interference. >From the Flynn side it was prudent marshalling of his resources and an attempt to ensure that the members of the Church of Scientology did not escape culpability by slipping from state to state through legal loopholes. He was determined that their frauds and crimes would 135 RELIGION INC. catch up with them. 'They can believe what they want,' protests Flynn. 'I have no axe to grind with their beliefs, but when their conduct becomes illegal and harms people then something has to be done. They can believe in thetans if they want, but they shouldn't be practis- ing deceit in the street.' Michael Flynn, as already mentioned, sees many parallels between The Nazis and the Scientologists. 'The whole thing is a house of cards, built on deceit. Most of us, if we screw up, are responsible. But not Hubbard. He thinks he has the right to lie. He has said that he has power which gives him the prerogative to lie, cheat and steal because he understands it better than the wimps of the world. It's there in his own handwriting.' Flynn acknowledges that there are many well- intentioned people who join Scientology. 'They are not brain-washed - it's just that they are deceived and don't want to look. Sure, you can have an interesting discussion with Heber Jentzsch about religious freedom, but it's got nothing to do with what's been going on for the past thirty years. If we believe absurdities, we commit atrocities,' 'Flynn continued, his rhetoric conjuring up a picture of the enemy he has never met, L. Ron Hubbard. 'He *is* like Hitler, a fanatical leader demanding obedience. There's the parallel.' I put it to him that there would always be those who believed the earth was flat or that they were reincarnations of Pharaoh. 'Sure, there are people who change their attitudes because of faith. But LRH will tell you that faith has nothing to do with Scientology. It's about pro- cesses, the tech correctly followed.' It is a telling theological point, made by a lawyer, for Scientology does indeed not depend on the level of belief or of moral goodness; it says that if you follow certain pro- cedures you are assured of spiritual progress. Flynn further argues that the animosity of ex-Scientologists who are his clients is not the pique of disaffected believers who have rebelled from their allegiances. 'A person who believes in Christianity or Islam has faith through a doc- trinal structure. It has nothing to do with whether Mohammed had a degree in nuclear physics, but if you're living with someone who says he has - and you should believe what he says because he knows - and then you find his statements are all nonsense, as Gerry Armstrong did, then that's not a disaffected believer. That's a guy who has discovered a fraud.' Flynn has found the Armstrong case to be a goldmine of material to substantiate his charges against Scientology. 'There are thousands of documents which prove that the guy is a complete flim-flam.' Armstrong was his client and formerly a Hubbard aide assigned to 136 COPS AND ROBBERS shred a mountain of documents relating to Hubbard's personal file when there was a threat in the wake of the FBI raid that more docu- ments might be seized in an attempt to incriminate Hubbard himself. However, on Armstrong's initiative, many were kept back to assist in the biography which writer Omar Garrison was commissioned to pro- duce on LRH, with Armstrong as his researcher. When he began to discover that many of the documents did not verify claims being made by the Church of Scientology about Hubbard's achievements, Armstrong suggested to his superiors that this was undermining the reputation of LRH, which he still held at that time in high esteem. But his warnings went unheeded and Armstrong soon became disaffected. He left Scientology, taking many documents with him which he claimed would help to vindicate him and defend himself against attacks from the Church of Scientology. The church, in the person of Mary Sue Hubbard, sued for the return of these documents, accusing Armstrong of theft and invasion of privacy. Judge Paul Breckenridge could not pass up the opportunity to comment on the irony of Mary Sue's complaining about invasion of privacy when she had, as Guardian supremo, been responsible for invading the privacy of others. As the case proceeded it became clear that Armstrong had collected some very damaging materials. Despite protestations that the culling of pc folders for damaging information had been discontinued after the overthrow of the black sheep among the Guardians, testimony was heard that Lyman Spurlock was still culling pc folders well into 1982. The judge ruled that Armstrong had been justified in retaining the documents and awarded costs against the Church of Scientology. He also directed that many of the incriminating documents should be kept under seal pending further litigation when they might be required as evidence. These included items described as: '4-E Hubbard hand- writing admissions re: control over mankind and naval background; 5-0 Hubbard re: forcing Mayor to resign March 22 1978; 4-K Hubbard handwriting black magic incantations; 6-L Handwritten re: open up a total war on IRS Gestapo tactics.' In his summing-up dated 20 June 1984, Judge Breckenridge said: 'In addition to violating and abusing its own members' civil rights, the organization [Church of Scientology] over the years with its Fair Game doctrine has harassed and abused those persons not in the church whom it perceives as enemies. The organization clearly is schizophrenic and paranoid, and this bizarre combination seems to be a reflection of the founder, LRH. The evidence portrays a man who 137 RELIGION INC. has been a pathological liar when it comes to his history, background and achievements. The writings and documents in evidence additionally reflect his egoism, greed, avarice, lust for power, and vindictiveness and aggressiveness against persons perceived by him to be disloyal or hostile.' Flynn sees the case, against which the Scientologists appealed, as representing a milestone in the decline of Scientology. The Church of Scientology's response was to redouble its attacks on Armstrong's credibility. It accused him of being incomplete in his research on Hubbard's naval career and mounted a covert operation to expose him as a Government agent. The *Freedom* newspaper, a Scientology publication which specializes in attacks on the IRS and psychiatry, in May 1985 printed a splash 'expose' of Armstrong as a Government intelligence operative who was involved not only with Flynn, but with the FBI and IRS in a plot against Scientology. They claimed this was a police sanctioned 'sting'. (The FBI had informed the authorities that they intended to gather evidence of criminal conspiracy against the Church of Scientology.) The expose con- sisted of a secretly video-taped conversation in Griffith Park, Los Angeles on 7 November 1984 between Armstrong and a Scien- tologist, code-named 'Joey', who claimed to be asking his help in setting up a dissident group. The transcript of the conversation reveals Armstrong telling Joey the names and telephone numbers of several FBI and Justice Department officials handling various inves- tigations involving Scientology. It is no surprise that Armstrong knew these. During the lengthy court proceedings in which he was involved, it is likely that all the opposition team would have been in touch with Armstrong for access to his material, to assist their own cases against the Church of Scientology. However, *Freedom* presents this as evidence that he was working for these agencies. Much more damaging is the charge that Armstrong encouraged 'Joey' to plant false evidence on Scientology files and that he was skilled in this technique himself. Here is what *Freedom* prints (Vol. 17, No. 10 May 1985, US Edition): G.A.: An organization's comm [communication] lines are of various kinds and I think you can use this fact - you know, realize what their comm lines are and plug into them...you see, because I think that during a part of this, we can simply create these, you know - I can create documents with relative ease. You know, I did it for a living! 138 COPS AND ROBBERS JOEY: Great, so what kind of stuff are we going to create and who's going to get it? G.A.: That's what we need to talk about... This charge is extremely damaging to Armstrong as a credible witness if true. Yes, IF TRUE, because I obtained a loan of a copy of the video taken in Griffith Park from the Church of Scientology and it contains *no such passage*. The transcript on page 18 of *Freedom* begins at time- code 23:16 on the video clock, which would reveal if it had been edited or not. Armstrong goes on to say: 'We have not discussed anything about the destruction of the tech, right?', which occurs at 23.50. *Freedom* prints this as 'We have not discussed that Scientology is bad ...' The video then continues at 24.12: 'It seems to me that you don't have a way of printing anything to get an issue on the lines, right? I'm saying I can do it! I can type those goddam things and duplicate them and make them look exactly the same!' All the intervening words in the *Freedom* transcript, some 400 words, do not occur at all on the video. Armstrong could be talking about fraud at 24.12 but he could be talking about sending a message, like the Dane Tops letter, which would appeal for support. Why did *Freedom* put in these passages, except perhaps to do a little false document insertion themselves? One of the names mentioned to 'Joey' by Gerry Armstrong was an Assistant US Attorney named Brackett Denniston. According to *Freedom*, he was 'assigned' to investigate an attempt by Boston lawyer Michael Flynn to pass a two million dollar forged cheque on an account of Scientology founder L. Ron Hubbard. Denniston stone- wailed the investigation into Flynn's involvement in the crime. To this day,' *Freedom* alleges, 'he has not followed up on the volumes of per- suasive evidence given to him by church attorneys and their investi- gators exposing Flynn as one of the perpetrators of the crime.' The 'evidence' in question was supplied by one Ala Tamimi from the United Arab Emirates, a proven con-man who is serving a prison sentence in Italy while four other countries are queuing to bring charges against him. Tamimi must have seemed like a gift from the gods to the Church of Scientology when he came forward to say that he could describe how Michael Flynn had conspired with him to pass the bogus cheque, which was not accepted by the Middle East Bank in New York when Tamimi and his brother Akil tried to pass it in early 1982. Widely thought to be an attempt by Church of Scientology officials to 'loot' Hubbard's cupboard, this allegation was used by Flynn as evidence in a probate case brought by Ronald DeWolf that 139 RELIGION INC. Hubbard was not alive or unable to manage his affairs. But Ala, dubbed 'The Prince of Fraud' by the *Boston* magazine of 22 October- 1984, took the Church of Scientology for a ride by asking for an advance payment before he gave them his 'evidence'. Then he fled with $25,000 of org money while Flynn was left to answer the charges, which were widely publicized on 23 July 1984. Flynn's response was to slap a very large lawsuit on those who had been involved and for good measure he threw in another against the *Boston Globe* for $10 million for defamation damages when they ran the story supplied by the Scientologists despite being advised that the allegations were false. 'Prior to 23 July I'd never heard of Ala Tamimi,' says Flynn. 'It's a frame-up. He's a con. They (Church of Scientology) are a con.' Currently Flynn is personally involved in a lawsuit for $141 million against Hubbard. The Church of Scientology boasts that despite his ubiquitous battle against the cult, Flynn has never won a case against the church. But he has not lost one either, and the reason that such a claim can be made is that so many of the cases drag on for years and even when decided, there is an immediate appeal. This raises the question of how a prosperous lawyer can afford to pursue a campaign against the Church of Scientology without finan- cial reward. The Scientologists are quick to supply an answer. They point to a donation of $135,000 in 1983 from the New York Com- munity Trust to the Scientology Victims' Defence Fund, which is administered from Flynn's office. At first sight it looks peculiar. The Scientologists claim the source of the recommendation was an aide of Nelson Rockefeller who had clashed with them back in 1955 over the 'Siberia Bill'. Heber Jentzsch raged, 'The Rockefellers backed Adolph Hitler during the Second World War and continue this tradition in present time by backing straw men who attack religious men and churches. Let it be known that we will vindicate Mr Hubbard's good name regardless of how many Rockefeller mega-bucks are poured into the Fund.' These turn out to be weasel words when the donation is measured alongside the hundreds of others of a humanitarian nature handed out by the Trust, totalling $350 million. There is already ample evidence in this book to show that many people have been harmed by Scientology and surely Michael Flynn, whatever his motives, cannot be expected to go on year after year charging nothing for his services. Until auditing is given away free the Scientologists have little to complain about. Their attempts to discredit Flynn have been shown up time and again to be sleazy and inaccurate at the very least. 140 COPS AND ROBBERS Nor can they say that they have much more success in the court- rooms, as a review of outstanding cases reveals: LAVENDA VAN SCHAICK, the girl whose case brought Michael Flynn into conflict with the Scientologists originally, brought a 'class action' on behalf of Scientology drop-outs alleging mind control, unlawful elec- tronic surveillance and the leaking to the media of details of her private life obtained during auditing. The action was originally brought in December 1979 for $200 million but was settled out of court on 10 June 1985 for $150,000 just before it was due to go on trial before a jury in Boston. Church of Scientology President, Heber Jentzsch, said that the Judge, W. Arthur Garrity Jr., had forced the church to settle because he denied church motions to sequester the jury and to disqualify Van Schaick's lawyer, Michael Flynn, from the case. The bid to sequester was based upon reports of alleged phone-calls re- ceived by members of the jury which had awarded damages against the Church of Scientology in Portland, Oregon, earlier in the year (see below). The Church of Scientology attorney Harvey Silverglate filed a document with the court saying that Judge Garrity had libelled the church and its members and that they would not receive a fair trial in his court. This was not the first time that Scientology had come into conflict with a judge assigned to one of its cases. In the mid-seventies the Guardians had hatched a plot to lure Federal judge Ben Krentzman, who was assigned to one of its Clearwater cases, onto a yacht stacked with prostitutes and film him in compromising situations. It did not happen, but a vicious campaign against the judges assigned to the trial of the eleven Guardians is outlined in an article in *The American Lawyer* of December 1980. The first judge assigned to the case was DC District Court Judge George Hart Jr, who, back in 1976 in connection with one of the many Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) suits filed by the Church of Scien- tology, had casually proposed that a deposition be taken from Hubbard. This led Church of Scientology officials to think that the Government had something on LRH and were setting a trap. This sparked off not only 'Operation Snow White', already mentioned, but clandestine operations against all judges involved in FOIA suits and all DC District judges, designed to dig the dirt on their backgrounds and look for possible 'buttons' (org-speak for vulnerable areas) which might be used to obtain recusal motions which would force the judge to back down from the case if the Church of Scientology thought it 141 RELIGION INC. was not going its way. Hart was the first victim of the recusal strategy. By telling him that he had been the target of such an illegal operation, Church of Scientology attorney Leonard Boudin effectively forced him to admit, 'I was afraid a jury would be prejudiced against the defendants because of their alleged threats against me.' Hart stepped down and was replaced by Judge Louis Oberdorfer, who asked or any objections at the outset, whereupon the Church of Scientology reminded him he had worked for the tax division of the Justice Department in 1969 when it had ended the tax-exempt status of the Church of Scientology in Los Angeles. He stepped down on 5 February 1979 and was replaced by Judge Charles Richey. Intensive covert operations using private detectives with tape recorders swung into action and by the time the first nine defendants had been found guilty, the Scientologists were ready with their ammunition in the form of interviews which allegedly linked Richey in titillating detail with a prostitute at the motel at which he had stayed during the Los Angeles hearings. The story was leaked to the newspapers and five days later, on 23 July 1980, Judge Richey was admitted to hospital with exhaustion and pulmonary embolisms. Three down. In came Judge Aubrey Robinson. Richey's sentences against the 'DC 9' stood, but Robinson, too, was the target of a recusal motion on 5 September 1980. He survived to preside over the trial of the remaining two Guardians, Mo Budlong and Jane Kember. There have been a variety of lawsuits brought by individuals against the Church of Scientology, among which are: THE BATTLE OF WOUNDED KNEE: This was a lawsuit brought in October 1980 by Lawrence Stifler, a Boston marathon runner who had been obstructed as he was running by an over-zealous Scientology recruiter and had fallen, injuring his knee to the extent that he claimed he might never run again. His demand of $1.25 million damages was more modestly assessed by a jury in October 1984 as meriting $1,000 and medical expenses of $712. TONJA BURDEN was twenty in April 1980 when she filed a $16 million suit alleging that she was used as slave labour by Hubbard in the CMO and was kidnapped after she escaped. This was the case which forced Hubbard to go into hiding from Gilman in 1980. The requested damages rose in 1985 to $45 million. PAULETTE COOPER, as We Saw in Chapter 4, was up there among the 142 COPS AND ROBBERS chief enemies of Scientology and was high in the damages stakes with a suit for $55 million when Flynn became her attorney. In 1982 she participated as one of his star witnesses in the Clearwater hearings (at which the Church of Scientology declined to testify since it could only put its case at the conclusion). Flynn, she now says, persuaded her that she should name Hubbard in her suit since he would not appear and therefore she would win by default or because the Church of Scien- tology would pay up rather than produce Hubbard. But in a dramatic reconciliation with its old enemy in 1985 the Church of Scientology proudly announced that it had settled all cases for and against Ms Cooper and brandished an affidavit in which she says Flynn misled her into thinking Hubbard was still in charge of the Church of Scientology and had used her in a strategic campaign. In the elaborate game of bluff and counter-bluff, accusation and recusal, perhaps nothing should surprise the observer of Scientology. It would be nice to think this was a story of reconciliation, a truly religious story with a happy ending, but judging by the tactics adopted by the Church of Scien- tology to discredit Ms Cooper, I am inclined to think it is more likely the case of a psychologically battered woman throwing her towel into the ring. HOMER SCHOMER was formerly Treasury Secretary of ASI (Author Services Inc.) and his lawsuit names Hubbard, ASI, and includes David Miscavige and Pat Broeker who had subjected him to a ten- hour 'Sec-Check' and threatened him that he would go to jail when he showed reluctance in doing his job. This was to prepare fictitious invoices for services rendered to ASI by Hubbard. In the period during which Schomer did this (March-November 1982) Hubbard's personal assets grew from $10 million to $44 million. Schomer's own suit is for a cool $226 million. It is difficult to feel sympathy for the 'victims' of Scientology who ask for this extravagant level of damages when many of them are young, healthy people who have all their mental faculties (brain- washing notwithstanding). When maimed victims of criminal violence obtain a pittance in comparison with disaffected Scien- tologists it is difficult to avoid the conclusion that greed is at the back of their minds. In other words, they have acquired a little of the avarice of the man they once admired and now despise, LRH himself. Certainly the American system is very different from anything we are used to in Britain. Damages sought are far in excess of those which 143 RELIGION INC. are probable, on the aim-high-and-settle-for-lower principle. There is also the widespread practice of the lawyer getting a percentage 'cut' of the damages - in my view an extremely unjust practice, which possibly compromises the integrity of any lawyer operating on such a basis. One could argue that with these ludicrous sums the Church of Scientology is only getting a taste of its own medicine and that its extravagant claims are being taken at face-value. That valuation may mean paying through the nose. However, one case decided during 1985 excited the Scientologists to a fury of protest and even attracted sympathy from sources not normally associated with the Church of Scientology. The case in question was brought first in 1977 in Portland, Oregon, by a young girl, JULIE CHRISTOFFERSON, who since that date has married and is known as Julie Christofferson Titchbourne. She was seventeen years old when she first took Scientology courses for nine months between 1975-6, during which time she completed a basic course and started, but did not finish, another one, and paid $3202 for books and materials. She left Scientology and was, with parental help, sub- sequently 'deprogrammed'. This led her to claim damages against the Church of Scientology because it had made fraudulent claims that it would improve her eyesight and raise her intelligence. The case seemed to set a precedent in that claims made by religious organiza- tions could be considered subject to laws governing consumer goods. At first the lawsuit asked for a modest $30,000 but this soon grew and Julie was awarded $2 million in damages in 1979. The Church of Scientology successfully appealed against the decision and a re-trial was ordered. Thus we reach a point in 1983 when Ms Christofferson, now claimant (Mrs) Titchbourne, made her eighth change in the damages sought. She asked for $43 million. The trial proceeded with attorney Garry McMurry representing her, and Earle Cooley for the Church of Scientology of California. Julie had added a request for damages against Hubbard himself to her suit. The trial dragged on with sometimes weeks elapsing without Julie being mentioned in proceedings, the testimony being of a general nature relating to Hubbard, the RPF, the culling of pc folders and other examples of Church of Scientology misconduct. It soon became clear that it was the Church of Scientology itself which was on trial That made the case of more than passing interest. On Friday, 17 May 1985 the jury announced its verdict - $39 million damages, of which $20 million were awarded against Hubbard personally. All hell broke loose. The Scientologists howled that this 144 COPS AND ROBBERS was an attempt to wipe out a religion, while McMurry rejoiced, 'The award will stand and be heard around the world.' He called the amount 'adequate for the harm that was intended'. Immediately thousands of Scientologists from all over America assembled in Oregon for peaceful protests against the decision which, before becoming final, still required the ruling of Judge Donald Londer on a motion by the Church of Scientology for a mistrial. Celebrities such as John Travolta flew into Oregon in his Lear jet to join in the carnival of dissent. Jazz pianist Chick Corea cancelled a concert to protest on behalf of his religion. The question of whether Scientology was a religion was central to the arguments for a mistrial. Judge Londer ruled at the outset that it *was* a religion but told the jury that they could find that while some statements made by Scientology were religious, others were secular and therefore subject to penalties for deceit. McMurry had argued that it was the jury who should decide whether or not Scientology was a religion and his closing statement described it as a 'terrorist group' and Hubbard as a sociopath. It was clear that the jury had agreed with him and they had given their verdict on Scientology in no uncertain terms, but there were other factors to be considered. Many fair-minded people felt that the damages were in no way proportionate to the harm suffered by Julie Christofferson. Yet because of a previous ruling by the US Supreme Court it was not possible for the judge to reduce the damages awarded by the jury. A mistrial was the only route open to him to alter the massive sum, but proper grounds had to be shown. Such grounds were readily to hand, since during 1985 the issue of State encroachment upon religious rights had been the subject of con- siderable controversy in the USA. The Moral Majority had been active in drawing attention to instances such as abortion laws and the teaching of the Creation in schools, in which religion seemed to be losing its guarantees under the Constitution. It was therefore some- what to the surprise, but delight, of the Scientologists to find them- selves getting support from such quarters. The argument had been 'if the Scientologists can be sued today, it might be us tomorrow'. On Tuesday, 16 July 1985 a breathless court awaited Judge Londer's ruling. First, he rejected objections by the Church of Scientology that jurors had perhaps been influenced prejudicially. He ruled out passion and prejudice as a factor. As the Scientologists' heads sank lower he addressed himself to the question of whether McMurry's closing speech had been improper, prejudicial and had influenced the jury. He continued: 'On the ground that the argument was improper in this 145 RELIGION INC. court's opinion, that it was prejudicial in this court's opinion - and I can go through, but I don't think there's any necessity to go through and talk about the RPF, the culling of files, all those things that were withdrawn under paragraph XVI and should have come in for one purpose only - the jury considered as a basis for the award of punitive damages. On that basis, given the very substance of being able to say that a court, to any party, is mandated to give a fair trial, there is no other conclusion that this court can reach: on that basis alone, a mistrial must be granted.' The applause from Scientologists within the court-room was deafening. But Judge Londer had one other ground to give them. His directive to the jury that they could deter- mine which Church of Scientology courses were secular and which religious, amounted, he said, to a directed verdict and therefore a mistrial could be granted on that ground. The Scientologists were jubilant. Heber Jentzsch declared that the Church of Scientology was going to use it as a basis to have all the other cases dismissed. A Church of Scientology advert in the *Oregon State Bar Bulletin* argues: 'If a Catholic prays for rain for his crops and God doesn't answer his prayer, can he then sue the Pope for fraudulent claims? The Pope is God's representative on earth, according to the Catholic religion. Is he therefore not liable to the courts of law? This, far- fetched as it may seem, is precisely the issue which has caused alarm around the country to combat those influences that are systematically eroding the protections of the First Amendment.' The advert, issued after the mistrial decision, continues: 'One's religious beliefs cannot be judged and regulated by the law; one's religion cannot be put on trial. To open the door to this collapse of Church and State is to open the door to the eradication of religious freedom and a veritable religious genocide.' In the post-euphoria of Portland and the rhetoric of freedom under the United States Constitution, it sounds very fine. With a good measure of irony, the Scientologists have now begun to turn the rhetoric of their opponents back into their faces. My inquisitor from my Los Angeles visit, 'Rev' Ken Hoden, says of the Titchbourne claimant: 'Deprogrammers kidnapped her from the church and held her for five days. She was made into a mindless robot and fired at the church like a bullet. What you're looking at is a set-up.' Hoden is in no doubt that 'IRS operatives' were behind the anti-church campaign. Others had indulged in perjury, he claims, and had broken into church headquarters and stolen documents to use as models for forgeries which would incriminate the church. The huge irony in all these charges is that every one of them mirrors actual crimes proved 146 COPS AND ROBBERS to have been carried out by the church in the past. It is as if the Church of Scientology has created a shadow and then complained that it is be- ing stalked by it. The Portland case will be retried and it is likely that particular care will be taken by the attorneys for the pIaintiff to satisfy all the legal proprieties. Were it simply a matter of a religious sect on trial for its beliefs then it is likely that Scientology would eventually win public sympathy. But there is ample evidence of criminal wrong-doing by the Church of Scientology in recent years provided by the Guardians' trial and the glut of documents accumulated by Armstrong and evidence given during the case involving him, to suggest that what is at issue is anti-social conduct which no society could tolerate or exempt from legal sanction. Nevertheless, the church has chalked up two verdicts around the world which it hails as establishing its status as a religion in countries previously hostile to its presence. In AUSTRALIA in October 1983 the High Court considered an appeal by the Church of the New Faith (Scientology's alter ego adopted when it was outlawed in 1965 in Victoria by the Psychological Practices Act). It was brought against the Commissioner for Payroll Tax, claiming tax-exemption as a religion. The Church of Scientology won that action and the judgment included the following sentences 'Church of Scientology is, for relevant purposes, a religion...the adherents accept the tenets of Scientology as relevant to determining their beliefs, their moral standards and their way of life.' Acknowledging that Scientology includes doctrines related to Eastern ones of reincarnation, the court turned its attention to the evidence of less attractive features of Scien- tology practices. Reference was made to some unusual features of membership and to the strong commercial emphasis in its practices. 'However incongruous or even offensive these features and this em- phasis may seem...regardless of whether the members of the appli- cant are gullible or misled or whether the practices of Scientology are harmful or objectionable, the evidence, in our view, establishes that Scientology must, for all relevant purposes, be accepted as "a religion" in Victoria. That does not, of course, mean that the practices of the applicant or its rules are beyond the control of the law of the State or that the applicant or its rules are beyond its taxing powers.' The verdict is a purely legal one and clearly falls short of enthusiastic endorsement. However, the opponents of Scientology in Australia were not slow to hit back. A Select Committee of the South Australia legislature recom- mended in October 1985 to their parliament in Adelaide that the 147 RELIGION INC. Church of Scientology should be monitored for a year so that its finan- cial practices could be assessed. If these were not satisfactory then legislation should be introduced which would strictly control the finances of 'spiritual organizations'. The Church of Scientology pro- tested that this was State interference with religious freedoms and that the Committee had given undue stress in its report to the testimony of seven disaffected Scientologists among the two hundred and forty witnesses they had heard. Legislation is not planned but the report is a significant warning shot across the bows of 'Commodore' Hubbard's Navy that its future in Australia is not likely to be one of live- and-let-live. In another case heard in GERMANY in June 1985 the District Court of Stuttgart acquitted a Scientology staff member on charges of disseminating his religion as a 'trade'. The judge stated 'the fact that services, activities etc. offered by a religious community are offered against a fee does not justify the conclusion that this constitutes the practice of trading; this at least does not apply when activities stand in direct relationship to the religion itself'. In welcoming the verdict, Heber Jentzsch said that he hoped the US courts and Government agencies would take note of this decision and warned if they did not 'we are for sure headed for a holocaust worse than what took place in Germany'. In ENGLAND the Church of Scientology took a hammering in the Family Division of the Royal Courts of Justice in London on 23 July 1984. As mentioned in Chapter 1, Mr Justice Latey delivered a judg- ment in open court on a custody case involving two children. The issue became Scientology and its potentially harmful effect on the children if they were allowed to remain with their father, who was still a practising Scientologist. Dr John Clark came over from Boston to testify. The Scientologists themselves were not legally represented because they were not cited and admitted later they were 'caught napping'. From the bench Mr Justice Latey delivered one of the most damag- ing attacks ever mounted in public on the Church of Scientology. He called Hubbard a 'charlatan' and described what he professed as 'a cynical lie'. The Church of Scientology was 'training for slavery' in its effect upon the young. His judgment included within it several HCOBs dealing with the more perfidious practices such as Fair Game, Red Box data, the Guardians' covert activities and training in how to lie. The Guardians' crimes and culling of pc folders were detailed, Justice 148 COPS AND ROBBERS Latey declared: 'I have searched and searched carefully for anything good, some redeeming feature, in Scientology. I can find nothing, unless it be such participation as there has been in the drug-abuse campaign.' The judgment went far further than any previous published attack on the Church of Scientology and was privileged, having been delivered in court. The Fleet Street Press had a field-day and ran headlines picking out adjectives such as 'obnoxious', 'charlatan', 'like Hitler' to run alongside photographs of Hubbard. Whether the motive of the judge was to warn the public about the dangers of Scientology, he succeeded in creating immense adverse publicity for the Church of Scientology. Here is how he concluded: 'Scientology is both immoral and socially obnoxious. In my judgment it is corrupt, sinister and dangerous. It is corrupt because it is based on lies and deceit and has as its real objective money and power for Mr Hubbard, his wife and those close to him at the top. It is sinister because it indulges its infamous prac- tices both to its adherents who do not toe the line unquestion- ingly and to those outside who criticize or oppose it. It is dangerous because it is out to capture people, especially children and impressionable young people, and indoctrinate and brain- wash them so that they become the unquestioning captives and tools of the cult, withdrawn from ordinary thought, living, and relationships with others.' You can't get much more negative than that. It goes without saying that Mr Justice Latey did not award custody of the children to their Scientologist father. The case resulted in an Appeal Court hearing in September 1984 before Lord Justice Dunn and Lord Justice Purchas with the father being supported by the Church of Scientology, which contended that the issue of Scientology had figured too prominently in the case. The Church supplied a document to me dated 16 October 1984 which pur- ported to be 'a brief summary of the appeal court judgment'. I was somewhat surprised to read that Mr Justice Latey's judgment had apparently been 'inaccurate and unfair' in six respects. He had appar- ently been seen by the Appeal Court to have gone into unnecessary detail about Scientology, to have erred by giving judgment in open court and breached natural justice by condemning Scientology unheard. However, on going to the actual transcript of the Appeal Court judgment of Wednesday 19 September 1984, I found that it 149 RELIGION INC. had upheld Justice Latey *in every single respect*. The nearest it came to criticizing him was the following: 'it was, of course, a matter for the ...learned judge whether or not he gave judgment in open court. It was not necessary for him to have done so, and it was unfortunate that he gave as one of his reasons for doing so the protection of the public as well as the other reason, that is to say, the importance of the reasons for his decision being publicly known so as to avoid rumour and speculation. *I cannot say that he was wrong to do so*.' [my italics] Lord Justice Dunn went on, 'The judge having made the findings which he did about the practice of Scientology, which were not challenged in this appeal and the judge having refused to accept the father's assurances, I can find no ground on which this court could interfere with the judgment and the appeal is dismissed.' I have quoted this example at length to illustrate the misinterpre- tetion carried on by the Church of Scientology and the unreliability of the so-called documentation which is supplied in rebuttal of charges against it or in order to discredit its adversaries. Whether this is out of sheer stupidity, blind loyalty or wilful falsehood in this instance I cannot tell. But it would appear that to Scientologists, the decision of a court means what they want it to mean. All the money which the Scientologists are spending worldwide on legal fees is still not stemming the tide. They are being forced into levels of spending in California said to run at $1.5 million per month. The adverse publicity has had its effect on 'stats' and income from fees is not rising to meet this. The haemorrhage in membership with the advent of the independents has also meant less income. On the other hand, cases like Armstrong's have resulted in a flow of new ammuni- tion against the church and verdicts like that of the Portland jury have encouraged the opponents of the Church of Scientology to try their hand in court. The wagons are gathering in a circle. More and more Indians are gathering on the hills and there is no cavalry who look likely to come to the rescue of the beleaguered Scientologists. Michael Flynn, when I left him, was eagerly looking forward to another case being opened in Toronto, Canada, against the Church of Scientology. Nineteen members and former members face a variety of charges from theft to possession of property obtained by crime and breach of trust. So far the Canadians have moved slowly. But it is whispered that more Guardians' sins will emerge from this trial. It results from the seizure of more than 250,000 documents from the Church of Scientology offices in downtown Toronto in March 1983 as the culmination of a nine-year investigation. 150 COPS AND ROBBERS However, the war in the courts has still not resulted in the annihil- ation of the Church of Scientology. It has cleverly fought back by using the freedom of religion issue as a new battlefield on which its troops take the higher ground of moral philosophy, Hubbard's generals have also turned their fire on a ferocious bear in the shape of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) in the United States. Week after week *Freedom* magazine rails against the IRS. Infiltration by the Scientologists has only raised the determination of the IRS to bring the Church of Scientology to book. In September 1984 the United States' tax-court in Washington DC ruled that the Californian Church of Scientology was not entitled to a religion's freedom from taxation. The court said that it was operated for the private benefit of founder Hubbard. Though the ruling applies only to the Californian church and the Church of Scientology is appealing, if it stands it will almost certainly be applied by the IRS to all churches of Scientology throughout the USA. That would deal a crippling blow to their finances which would almost certainly put a tourniquet around the life-blood through which Scientology has survived so far - MONEY. The death of Hubbard will undoubtedly have an effect on many of the lawsuits pending against the Church of Scientology, especially those which name Hubbard personally. In that respect, Hubbard could be said to be more use to his followers dead rather than alive. The bulk of the Portland award was against Hubbard personally and that clearly will not be an option open to future litigants against the church. The RTC will probably do everything in its power to distance the millions it inherited from Hubbard from the predators. It is therefore not on the deranged behaviour of Hubbard, the past crimes of his followers or on the mind-bending effects of the 'tech' upon which the battle will concentrate, but upon the bank accounts and back- taxes which the church can be forced to pay. It is this war of attrition that will eventually kill it off. The preoccupation with money is documented in the church's Govern- ing Policy formulated in 1972, which begins 'A. MAKE MONEY' and ends with 'MAKE MONEY, MAKE MORE MONEY, MAKE OTHER PEOPLE PRODUCE SO AS TO MAKE MORE MONEY'. Certainly Scientology is not alone in its stress on giving money as a means of grace. There are many forms of religion in the USA, such as some of the preachers of the "electronic church', who appeal for funds through their programmes, operating on the principle of the medieval indul- gence seller, Tetzel, whose jingle was 'as soon as the coin in the coffer 151 RELIGION INC. rings, the soul from purgatory springs'. He had much in common with Hubbard in his ability to market his religion and make ordinary people think that money could buy them the love of God. But what made Hubbard unique was the fortune, largely tax exempt, which he generated through his book sales and money transferred from Church of Scientology accounts. It made him more than a wealthy preacher or affluent indulgence seller. He was in the tycoon class. Yet what poverty of spirit lurked in the shadow of the millionaire recluse. He founded a religion whose goal was to clear the planet and make people free in spirit and healthy in mind, yet there were few instances of the money being used for philanthropic purposes. It was siphoned off while the social programmes of Scientology (Narconon and the Citizens Commission for Human Rights) were, and still are, run by the slave labour of the org staffers who are paid measly pocket-money and have the RPF hanging over their heads if they dare disobey. A pincer movement from lawyers and psychiatrists on the one hand and from the IRS on the other to squeeze the Church of Scientology money supply dry, could soon bring about the demise of the monster which Hubbard created in his own image, paranoid and schizophrenic. Its two faces, the young and idealistic recruits and the officer elite of the RTC, represent its disturbed personality. Its paranoid attacks on government and health agencies demonstrate its ultimate destructive nature. As the lawyers and the IRS men close in, the Scientologists may well be justified in saying, 'Just because we're paranoid, it doesn't mean they're not out to get us.' They are! 152 8 Battlefield Earth WANTED. DEAD OR ALIVE - L. RON HUBBARD. After 1980 in the Wild Western world of Scientology, with cowboys chasing Indians, goodies and baddies fighting it out at the OK corral of org-speak, Hubbard was a man with a price on his head. Hubbard the science- fiction writer, Hubbard the founder of a religion and its guru and dic- tator, became Hubbard the recluse. Even his wife did not see or meet him after 1980. His communication lines were limited to the select troika of the Broekers and David Miscavige. The motives for his going into hiding were obvious. A plethora of lawsuits were being filed against the Church and he was named in several. There was other evidence uncovered which linked him to con- spiracies and illegal acts. The possibility grew into a probability that the founder of Scientology would be indicted, faced with the indignity of going on trial in a blaze of publicity and very probably sent to prison. Ron and his followers were determined that this would not happen to him, but he knew that he had accumulated plenty of enemies who were anxious to see him behind bars. That was one over- whelming reason for L. Ron Hubbard to disappear. As already mentioned, the official reason given for his disappear- ance was that Hubbard wished to devote himself to writing and research. To support this contention a new blockbuster science-fiction novel entitled *Battlefield Earth* emerged from his seclusion and was published in the USA in October 1982 and immediately shot up the bestseller lists. It was hailed by the triumphant Scientologists as proof that Ron was up there with the best of them, but opponents of Scien- tology said it was a work of mediocre quality which had only got there because of massive advertising campaigns. Disaffected Scientologists like John Zegel allege that this technique was also used with the 153 RELIGION INC. promotion of DMSMH, re-launched in 1984 with a television adver- tising campaign which Zegel says cost over $6 million, and claims twelve books could have been given away free with every one sold and the same income achieved. Such promotions he sees as window- dressing exercises which yield a high public profile. The statistics are then used by the Church of Scientology to claim success. The story of *Battlefield Earth* is, in Hubbard's words, as follows: 'Mankind has almost been wiped from the face of the Earth by ad- vanced technology and is imprisoned not so much by aliens who dominate the planet, but by superstition, and the few surviving tribes - hiding like frightened animals - have taken to superstition until the hero Johnny Goodboy Tyler decides to leave the mountain sanc- tuary of his dying tribe and becomes the first to break free of super- stition.' But there were those in October 1982 who looked at the Church of Scientology and were convinced that it had been taken over by aliens and that their hero Hubbard was either incapacitated or dead. In November 1982 Hubbard's estranged son, Ronald DeWolf brought a probate case in Riverside, California, asking that his father be declared dead or mentally incompetent and that the assets of his father's estate be turned over to him. He alleged that Miscavige and Co had staged a coup and had stolen the golden eggs. But the old goose was not beaten yet. As we have seen, Hubbard was able to prove to the satisfaction of Judge J. David Hennigan that he was alive. Judge Hennigan concluded in his judgment of 27 June 1983: 'Mr Hubbard's constitutional right of privacy gives him a right to keep his residence a secret from the public and, therefore, he is not a Missing Person within the meaning of Probate Code 260.' The circumstances were somewhat bizarre and in keeping with the cloak-and-dagger blanket of security which Hubbard had woven for himself. No official of the court saw him, but a special formula ink was supplied to his agents and this was used to sign an affidavit submitted to the court. It was initialled on each page and Hubbard's thumbprint appended together with a handwritten postscript. These were authen- ticated by Forensic Document Examiner William L. Bowman and the ink verified to be the same as that supplied. In Hubbard's declaration he described DeWolf's action as 'malicious' and added that not only had his son been disinherited, but would be disinherited in any future wills he might make. Hubbard continued: 'I am not a missing person. I am in seclusion of my own choosing. My privacy is important to me and I do not wish 154 BATTLEFIELD EARTH it or my affairs invaded in the manner permitted by this action. As Thoreau secluded himself by Walden Pond, so I have chosen to do so in my own fashion. I am actively writing, having published *Battlefield Earth*, and my *Space Jazz* album; a projected ten-volume work, *Mission Earth*, is in the pre-publication stage at the moment. I am actively researching and writing as well in connection with the religion of Scientology, as I have over the past decades.' Hubbard went on to state that he was exercising his constitutional right not to appear and that his business affairs were being well managed by Author Services Inc., the Los Angeles based profit-making agency run by Miscavige, He said he was aware of the forged cheque for $2 million (the Tamimi affair) but that he had informed the Bank of New England it was a forgery. Hubbard then went on to deal with the establishment of the RTC in this important document, the rest of which is reproduced in full on pages 179-83: This is the final testament of Ron Hubbard. I say final because it is the last communication which is universally acknowledged to be authentic. The court declaration could have been typed onto pages upon which Hubbard had put his initials and the text typed after- wards, but the fact still remains that the ink, the fingerprints and the signatures all add up to proof that L. Ron Hubbard was alive on 15 May 1983. Other communications have come from 'LRH's personal office' since that date, typewritten or telexed, but some have been shown to contain inconsistencies of style or facts which make them suspect. The last personal interview which Hubbard gave to the Press appeared in the *Saturday Evening Post* in 1968. The Church of Scientology recently issued a film interview between Hubbard and the South African broadcaster Tony Hitchman but this turned out to be a re- issued version of an original interview done in black and white in the sixties at Saint Hill and prefaced by a new introduction which Hitchman made for Golden Era studios at Gilman Springs. Photographs of Hubbard in recent years are also in short supply, the ones which are most often seen in org premises are either classics from the *Apollo* days or taken in the mid-seventies at Gilman. However, Hubbard did give one newspaper interview in February 1983 to the *Rocky Mountain News* of Denver, Colorado. It was not in person. Questions were confined to his career as a science-fiction writer and were submitted in writing, and the replies sent back in writing to reporter Sue Lindsay. The primary purpose of Hubbard in granting the interview was to celebrate fifty years as a science-fiction 155 RELIGION INC. writer and promote the publication of *Battlefield Earth*, which begins its storyline in Denver. Hubbard is mostly looking back on his career but in one answer he is asked if there are any plans for a movie of the book. Hubbard replies with characteristic immodesty: 'Any writer loves glamour town. I used to sit in my penthouse on Sunset Boulevard and write stories for New York and then go to my office in the studio and have my secretary tell everybody I was in conference while I caught up on my sleep because they couldn't believe anybody could write 136 scenes a day and the Screen Writers' Guild would have killed me. Their quota was eight. I commuted between New York and Hollywood with large amounts of time off for the wide open spaces. But I loved Hollywood - still do. Who doesn't? I've recently written three screenplays and some interest has been expressed in *Battlefield Earth*, so I suppose I'll be right back in Hollywood one of these days and probably on location in the Denver area for *Battlefield Earth* when they film it.' Assuming that the *Rocky Mountain News* interview is authentic and not another of Ron's 'tall tales', it would appear that Hubbard in- tended to take some hand in the film realization of his sci-fi novel. That would be very plausible, since he had vaunted himself as a director during his Gilman stint. It would be unthinkable that Hubbard would have stayed away from such an enterprise. It was not as if the control had passed out of Scientology hands. In 1982 St Martin's Press sold 125,000 copies of *Battlefield Earth* at $25 each but Bridge Publications (the profit-making publishing arm of the Church of Scientology) bought back the paperback rights and sold the film rights to Salem Productions, and Ken Annakin, a top-rank director, was slated to make two movies based on the book, which had sold 800,000 paper- backs by March 1985. The British rights were similarly retained by the Scientologists themselves. Why then did Hubbard not emerge, even for a brief moment of glory, to take his bow quickly and vanish before the FBI grabbed him? One possibility is that Ron Hubbard died some time after May 1983 - and before November 1983. Let us first look at the arguments for Hubbard's being alive after 1983. The original reason for his seclusion still held good after that date - namely, that he was in hiding from the authorities. If he were to appear, albeit fleetingly, then he would heighten the chances of being traced to a hiding-place and subpoened to appear in court in one of the many cases pending against him. Whereas with the RTC as a front he could go on working at his ten-volume project and still be sure that the cash registers were ringing bells for him around the world. 156 BATTLEFIELD EARTH He would be able to keep a low profile and maintain his seclusion. This version allows Hubbard to retain control behind the scenes, master- minding the campaign against the enemies of Scientology through his faithful lieutenants and was believed by Dr John Clark until at least mid 1985. Another version which Flynn seemed to favour in late 1984 was that Hubbard was alive but completely broken in health. He bases this partly on the testimony in the Armstrong case of Kima Douglas, who was Hubbard's personal medical officer until 1980. She testified that Hubbard nearly died in 1978 when David Mayo came to Gilman to administer to him. Again in 1982 LRH was 'completely bedridden', according to Flynn. There was the stroke he suffered in 1975 in Curacao and a skin cancer on his face. A man who smoked fifty cigarettes per day, who drove himself throughout his life as Hubbard did, who was obese and who was aged 72 in 1983, would not be likely to be in the best of health. Hubbard the complete invalid would also explain the lack of authentic communications from the Scientology leader and the necessity to conceal from the world the fact that the man who sold the power to triumph over disease and to attain clarity of thought was a diseased geriatric. Those who do not believe this explanation may point to the cassette 'Ron's Journal 38', which was issued to the troops at the end of 1983. This tape consisted entirely of a message from Hubbard and contained a reference to both the DeWolf probate ruling and to the Australia High Court upholding Scientology as a religion, both of which occurred in 1983. It might therefore be presumed that it is a further piece of evidence that Hubbard was alive after 1983, IF IT IS GENUINE. John Zegel, one of the most influential disaffected Scientologists, sent a copy of 'RJ 38' (as the tape is known) plus 'RJ 36' and an earlier Hubbard tape on study methods, to two university departments, one in Canada and one in the USA, who were involved in the analysis of the Watergate tapes. Both sets of experts reported separately that in their opinion the three tapes were made by three separate people and that one of the voices belonged to someone who had spent the early part of his life in California before moving north. Another report, published in the Phoenix journal of an independent Scientology group, declared: 'a voice-print has been done and the results prove that LRH is not the speaker on the last two "Ron's Journals". R.L. Addison of Carson Investigations, Vancouver BC, did the test.' There were reports circu- lating among the disaffected Scientologists that a voice synthesizer was being used to compile the 'Ron's Journals'. 157 RELIGION INC. Rumours also circulated that Ron had been seen in South California. 'They (the RTC) hired a double, a man called Ellis, and he used to pop up in places until the end of 1984,' says Neville Chamberlain who still adheres to the 'tech' in his practice in West Hampstead but is a 'Suppressive Person', having been found guilty of various 'crimes and high crimes' by the Church of Scientology. He is a large man in his forties who was an original Sea Org member way back in the early days. His tough macho image is reinforced by videos of Clint Eastwood, Rollerball and Rocky stacked on a shelf. His black beard bristles as he talks about the RTC, about whom he is bitter. 'I was a front man touring the world, selling the tech. I spoke my mind and was declared SP more often than anyone I know. But I got results. I set up the first centre in Scotland.' Like many of the independents, Chamberlain is reluctant to see Hubbard as the source of the present troubles but he is realistic about the founder, calling him bluntly 'Hubbard' and not by the affectionate 'LRH' or the respectful 'Mr Hubbard'. 'The technology is basically sound. Hubbard had the perception to put it down. He had a lot of compassion. I've seen him in the depths of despair and apathy. But he was a showman and the next minute he'd be petulant, then Com- modore and king of the world. I often thought he ought to have a teeshirt with the words "I'm a schizophrenic - so am I",' quips Chamberlain who is scathing about the effect of the RTC upon the credibility of Scientology. He calls the Guardians the 'Clouseau squad, the blind leading the lame', and argues that the 'Bay of Pigs' which befell Scientology has largely been self-inflicted. He is quite down-to-earth about Scientology's status as a religion. 'I used to wear a dog-collar - what a joke! We used that as a defence-mechanism and a means of tax avoidance.' Like many of the independents who remain loyal to the 'tech' he is convinced that Hubbard would not sanction what is being done by Miscavige. So was Hubbard aware of what was going on after 1982? If Hubbard was dead, the implications are serious, for that would mean the RTC had perpetrated fraud. But there are other explanations: for instance, that Hubbard was temporarily or permanently incapacitated. They might also explain why such a large ego as Hubbard's stayed out of the limelight for so long. He might be forgiven for hiding from the mass media who would be likely to ask some hostile questions, but why did he continue to speak to his followers through tape recordings and not through the more effective and personal medium of film or 158 BATTLEFIELD EARTH video? The answer which suggests itself to me is that video is far more difficult to forge than sound recording. Hubbard was supposedly devoted to the latest in technical breakthroughs and yet he passed up this opportunity. There is also the lack of corroboration for his idyllic life at Creston Ranch, San Luis Obispo. It is said he was recognized when he went downtown. Where are the witnesses? Where are the photographs of him tending his orchids, or other pictures which would be a natural by-product of his hobby of photography? Where are the staff who worked with him at the ranch, unless we are asked to believe that a man used to having hordes running around at his every whim suddenly learned the art of cooking and fending for himself. The official Scientology view asks us to believe that Hubbard evaded the FBI, the IRS, the newshounds of the mass media and left no traces of his life as a recluse. If he *did*, then it is strange that no evidence has been produced. The rush to cremate his body and scatter the ashes before an announcement was made arouses even more suspicion among the doubters. I was offered a newspaper cutting by the church, which described a local newspaperman's visit to Creston as 'evidence' of what LRH had been doing for the past six years, yet the reporter was not even permitted to see Hubbard's private quarters or anything that resembled proof that he had indeed lived there. No credible witnesses have emerged to prove that Hubbard was indeed alive and/or well at the ranch. It is difficult to see what purpose would be served by the Scientologists encouraging speculation that Hubbard died long before 1986. If they have proof that he *was* living on his ranch until the official announcement of his death, then it is indeed strange that they do not produce it - unless, of course, the doubters are right and he *did* die in 1983. Perhaps one day the mystery of those years 1980-86 will be solved. Someone may come forward to give evidence about the final years of the guru's life. Meanwhile, speculation continues that during that period he was increasingly eccentric, wildly paranoid and probably even senile. The more sensational charge that Hubbard died in 1983 and that his death was covered up - is still believed by many. If true, it would mean that the leadership of the RTC was guilty of deception, conspiracy and fraud. Those who believe this version are faced with explaining how the cabal who headed Scientology managed to pass off the body cremated at San Luis Obispo in 1986 as Hubbard's. Was it a 'stand-in' that they produced for the occasion while supplying some old fingerprints and blood samples of the same group as Hubbard's? 159 RELIGION INC. Or was it Hubbard himself who became a corpse in 1983, and was refrigerated and kept on ice for the three years which the troika needed to consolidate their hold on power and to ensure that they had effective control of the church finances? Such questions are answered by dark mutterings in the homes of breakaway Scientology groups, who accuse Miscavige and Co of stopping at nothing to keep their power. But now that Ron is 'offici- ally' dead, and his ashes scattered over the Pacific Ocean, it will be more difficult to prove matters either way. If Hubbard had indeed died in late 1983 then it would have come at an awkward moment for the RTC. The movement was badly split. It needed to demonstrate that it had Ron's endorsement. It needed the money to finance its policies, which the use of Ron's trademarks gave it. It needed Ron alive and, by whatever means, he stayed that way until it had established its supremacy over Scientology worldwide and its claim to the fortune which he bequeathed it in his will. But it was noticeable that although Ron was 'alive', he certainly was not running the show. For example, the style of HCOBs altered after Hubbard went into seclusion. It was widely accepted, even by Scientologists, that he was not the author of many of them. His personal control and domina- tion of his organization was very much a feature of Scientology until 1980. But the transcript of the Mission Holders' Conference in 1982 reveals very few references to LRH or his words. It was the same on 21 October 1984 in Clearwater when the Mission holders came together to be addressed by the bigwigs of the RTC. It was Scien- tology's version of the May Day Parade in Moscow - it would be possible to tell the rising stars in the Politburo by those who were chosen to address the exultant throng and the direction in which Scientology was headed by what they said. The dominant theme was 'us' against 'them'. 'They' were the IRS, the FBI, the Justice Department, etc. 'The State used to feed us to the lions, now it's to the bureaucrats,' jibed one speaker. 'I'd take the lions - at least you can reason with a lion!' The atmosphere was heady and hysterical, which suited the demagogery of Norman Starkey, the wild recruiting sergeant, who bellowed, 'The first step is, you can join the staff. Get those goddam fence-sitters off the fence and on this side! Contact! Handle! Help by exposing psychiatrists and their horrible product - government!' It was a mixture of an evangelical crusade and an auction sale as Starkey badgered the captive audience into signing a form for a life-time pledge costing 160 BATTLEFIELD EARTH $2,000. 'Hold it up if you're gonna sign. Sign it right now.' Then he snarled, 'What's the deal - some aren't signing it? Life is $2,000!' A woman squealed her assent. Pledges came thick and fast, in a hysterical torrent of bids. One man pledged on behalf of his wife and children who were not there. A black man (a rare sight within the predominantly WASP Church of Scientology) declared to loud applause, 'This is the only game that offers equal opportunity.' The 'stars' above this firmament were Miscavige who compered the event, Heber Jentzsch, Marc Yaeger (John Zegel's stepson) - CO CMO International - who gave statistics of the latest upsurge in sales of DMSMH but significantly omitted to say much about income from courses, which was reputedly in severe downturn. There was little talk of Hubbard until the end when Commander Vicki Aznaran, a svelte lady of around forty, wearing a silver dress with a plunging neckline, took the stage. In her Texas drawl she talked of building a group 'who knows who its friends and its enemies are... there is no question of losing this case 'cos Scientologists never quit. ...As LRH said in Philadelphia lecture tape 46: "There is no such thing as failure".' Onto the screen of the video-recording I was watch- ing at Saint Hill flashed the face of Hubbard. It could have been my imagination, but the 'feel' of the whole event was that Hubbard was not temporarily absent but had moved on permanently and a new era had begun. That feeling was reinforced when I sat down to watch the next video. It was portentously titled 'The Religious Freedom Convention' - Earth, 7th October 1984'. It was a very Star Trek, very American, very maudlin parody of the signing of the Declaration of Indepen- dence. It contains such phrases as: 'Scientology is experiencing the greatest expansion and prosperity in its history. International in scope, Scientology each week frees more people from the debilitating effects of drugs ignorance and other sources of aberration and moves them on the path to greater awareness, self-respect and dignity than all other groups combined.' As Heber Jentzsch read the words on the video, gentle music stole up underneath. The ceremony ended with three cheers for 'LRH' as the assembled top brass of the Church of Scientology turned to ap- plaud a large portrait of Hubbard hanging on the wall at Saint Hill where the ceremony was taking place. The camera closed in on the portrait and Hubbard's voice filled the screen. 'In all the broad universe there is no other hope for man than ourselves. This is a tremendous responsibility...I have borne it myself too long alone 161 RELIGION INC. ...You share it with me now...' The words were from the 1967 Hubbard edition of 'Ron's Journal' but they suddenly had a terrible relevance as to whether or not he was dead. The year was 1984. The year of Big Brother - and the year the little brothers took over. 162 Epilogue MUCH has been written so far about the quality of Scientology as a religion. It is worth considering briefly the quantitative side of things. For instance, how many Scientologists are there? As with everything else about this controversial cult the answer is vehemently disputed. Official church statistics were supplied to me for the year 1980 (I asked for a current picture in 1984 but was given this set of figures which pre- dated the 1982-3 split and stats crash). These claim 86 churches, 173 missions, 230 Dianetics groups in 32 countries around the world. They add this up to 5 million Scientologists worldwide and claim 2,500 every week starting a Scientology course, with $25 million invested during 1979-80 in new church quarters in England, Australia, Canada and the USA. There were, on the social reform front, 49 chapters of the Citizens Commission on Human Rights, the anti-psychiatry group and 25 Narconon drug rehabilitation programmes. It looks impressive. The British membership figure for 1977 in the book *What is Scien- tology?* was given as 336,000 and the world total as 5,437,000. However, in the *Daily Telegraph* of 28 February 1979, a Church of Scientology official gave the British membership figure as 236,000, and in 1984 church officials talked blithely about 200,000 in the UK. Jon Atack, who has become an archivist of Scientology as well as an antagonist from the independent movement with his journal *Reconnection*, wrote in October 1984: 'Recently I talked with a man who was a senior executive in the UK in 1981. He had access to some of the REAL figures at that time. 5,500 British residents had taken an HQS 1 or above or received paid auditing. That was the total training 1 Hubbard Qualified Scientologist 163 RELIGION INC. and processing list for the entire UK since records were started in the fifties. The total training and processing including non-residents (remembering that Saint Hill was the centre of the Scientology world from 1959-68) was 16,000 and the total central file figure for the UK was 57,000', which would include someone who had bought a small booklet or put down a ten-pence deposit to escape from the Registrar. In 1981 a Hubbard document (LRH ED 326 INT) issued on 13 March 1981 declared: 'I am told that there are TWO MILLION Scientologists active around the world today.' The wild divergence between these figures can only be explained as a mixture of lies and bluff or a different method of accounting for members. If everyone who has walked through the door of an org or taken a personality test is counted, then the five million may be nearer the mark. But one then has to add that many take the test as a joke or never follow it up. In Scotland I know of two people who got onto a Scientology mailing-list yet had ex- pressed no interest at all and for years received regular unsolicited mail almost weekly. Both tried to have this dripping tap stopped but letters to Hubbard and a lawyer's letter failed to staunch the flow. Both persons had titled parents which may explain something about the target area of Scientology recruitment. But whether or not the Church of Scientology was operating a 'quality' recruitment policy, its phenomenal income from such small statistics tempts one to say never mind the quantity, feel the depth of commitment. High price levels also had something to do with the high income of the Church of Scientology. Although the price of a 'bible' (DMSMH) was L3.50 in paperback in high-street bookshops in the UK in 1984, the price of the same book in hardback at the local org was L40.85. (To be fair, the org also sell the paperback but there is pride taken in buy- ing the best edition available.) I bought 'Ron's Journal 38' in January 1983 at Saint Hill and was charged over L16 for a 30-min. speech cassette. The Philadelphia Doctorate cassettes of Hubbard's lecture- tour in December 1952 are more expensive. Originally delivered over 18 days, these 62 lectures on cassette cost $2,307 for the boxed set. At that rate they are antiques. Auditing prices are the luxury end of the market and in 1984 went up by 10% in July. Here are a few examples prevailing in September 1984 when I called at 'Flag' in Clearwater, which offers the most expensive part of the 'Bridge': Student Hat, $1,610; 'New Era Dianetics' course, $2,290. (These are the two courses for which 'Alyson' paid over L6,000 in 1980-81, which is roughly $8,000. Using her, a graduate, as a guide we can deduce that the actual cost to complete the courses with the extra auditing required would 164 EPILOGUE be roughly four times the advertised prices.) To become a Class VII Auditor cost $9,012. Twelve hours regular auditing was $2,765. Twelve hours 'Confessional' was the same - $2,765. But the steepest slope was for thetans: OT I ($648); OT II ($2,222); OT III ($5,774). We may thus assume that the price of climbing to the 'heaven' of OT III in the Kingdom of Hubbard was a minimum of $10,000. There was little chance of those who reached it having laid up treasures on earth where moth and rust could corrupt them. They would have spent them try- ing to get there. Every Scientologist is required to show evidence of productivity. These 'stats' are used as a measure of performance, much as salesmen are given sales targets to meet. As everyone knows, a good salesman can sell a rotten product and in selling techniques the Church of Scien- tology has been one of the most successful new religious movements, or cults, of recent years. The Moonies are identified with selling on street corners, the Hare Krishna devotee with chanting in skimpy robes on chilly winter mornings, the Rajneeshee with free love on a campus, all these activities being somewhat offputting to the man on the Clapham omnibus. But the fresh young man from Scientology with his double-glazed eyes and cavity-foam insulated emotions, identifies much more with the values of Western consumer society. He offers a unique but apparently still marketable product - spiritual ad- vancement (the one thing the suburban young man who has everything feels he lacks). Ron Hubbard could not have made all those millions if he did not have a very effective selling technique. Many of the critics of Scientology are reluctant to admit even this grudging compliment to Scientology's effectiveness. But company profits are not an endorsement of the quality of the product. If the 'product' analogy is continued it can also be seen that Scientology has not had mass appeal. It goes for a particular target consumer, one might even say the top end of the market in financial terms. The young middle- class business or professional person is the typical purchaser. Staff members are often recruited much younger than this. One young man I spoke to claimed to have been in charge of personnel records at Saint Hill at the grand old age of fourteen. That illustrates another facet of Scientology, the ease of promotion within the staff. The young ambi- tious person can rise quickly within the ranks to positions of power. This facet of Scientology satisfies both the thrusting young businessman type and the quester after spiritual truth. Both wish to feel that they have something (a product/esoteric knowledge) beyond the reach of the man in the street. Instead of climbing the ladder of 165 RELIGION INC. the rat race, there is a ready-made gnostic ladder and all that is needed is money. With other religions, social background or moral imperfec- tion may count against one. The divorcee may not be able to take Mass, but in Scientology the only sin is ignorance (or perhaps inability to pay for courses). Any club likes to feel that its membership is 'special' and the Church of Scientology is no different. Outsiders are referred to as 'wogs' or 'raw meat'. This attitude was typified for me when I called at the New York City premises of Scientology and met Kevin Brown, the 35-year-old Director of Public Affairs. Educated at a prestigious Jesuit school, he was not slow to point out he had carried off various glittering prizes and had held down a hot-shot job at ABC TV before joining the Scientology staff. He now earns $30 per week plus commission on the copies of DMSMH, which is being pushed hard on the streets of New York by the org. He had worked on the streets himself for six years of the eight since he joined the staff, and acts and talks like a businessman on his way to the top. He became disillusioned with television as a career, regarding it as 'junk food' for the mind, and over-influenced by programme advisers who shared the outlook of psychiatry. 'Nothing in the world was going to change as a result of my doing that job. It lacked the technology,' he announced. 'I felt with all my background and experience that this subject needed the best and finest - and I was going to supply some of it. If people are alert and bright enough they will see that this planet is threatened with total annihilation. If people value the material universe more than Scientology then they are gonna have problems. We're not saying that material possibilities are bad - but don't let it interfere with Scientology. Its most effective method is to train people to receive and deliver. You can go a long way on not a lot if you go that route.' These young highwaymen of the streets who stand and deliver the 'tech' are not short on dedication. In this they resemble many of the other religious cults which have arisen in Western society since the sixties. But when dedication is transmuted into fanaticism then problems are bound to arise. In a long letter describing his disillusion- ment with the Church of Scientology, a Los Angeles designer, Bruce Bishop, puts the moment of his break eloquently: 'I attended a meeting in which an intelligent CMO Executive named Brian Anderson, stated with righteous fervour that the tech is senior to the law, senior to the Bill of Rights...until then I had been unable to understand how these fellows could justify their actions, how they could find the concept of fundamental rights ludicrous. Now it became clear to me. These guys 166 EPILOGUE honestly believe they are above the law. "God is on our side. We can do no wrong, for ours is the true faith. Any means are justified by our lofty end." This is the primrose path that led a number of our executives into prison.' But the flaws in Scientology as a religion are far more funda- mental than using the wrong means to achieve its declared aim of a world free from insanity, crime and nuclear war. Nor is its greed for money the root of its evil, for money is essentially morally neutral. It is my contention that Scientology is not so much misplaced idealism or corrupt practices, as inevitably and logically a system which contains the seeds of its own suppression and destruction. In Scientology, it is a fundamental postulate that any handicap to spiritual advancement is caused by engrams (incidents in the reactive mind which can be E-Metered out. This leads logic- ally to the position that all past deeds and misdeeds can be man- aged by a process or technique and are therefore not moral or immoral - they are amoral. Scientology is religion without morality, since moral improvement is not derived from an outside source or power (spirit, grace, brahmin, karma etc). At first sight it resembles some of the Free Spirit heresies of the 14th century or the Anabaptists of the 16th century. But Scientology's Revelation is not from a divine source, it is the product of Hubbard's mind and per- sonality. Therefore it inherits the flaws and characteristics of that personality, which we have amply demonstrated is self-seeking, paranoid and vindictive. It should therefore come as no surprise that the collective mind and system of Scientology is in essence paranoid and challenging to moral systems and forms of authority. It is truly suppressive in reacting to moral claims upon it. Since it does not acknowledge a source of meaning, morality or revelation superior to the tech, it resists these claims upon the amoral basis of strength and power. There is no appeal to higher authority - God, the law, human rights - when disputing with Ron and his men, for they have opted to be outside the moral assumptions upon which all these concepts are grounded. Thus in their struggles with governments, law, medicine, the media, they have become truly subversive. In so doing they effectively challenge Society to control them or be undermined. This is *not* a battle for the freedom of religion, with the State on one side and Scientology on the other ...It is a choice between freedom, as we know it, and *anarchy*. The Gotterdammerung for Scientology has arrived with the death of the god-hero Hubbard but it was not governments or the taxmen 167 RELIGION INC. or the lawyers or psychiatrists who lit the funeral pyre but the inflam- matory nature of his own ideas. He was, according to the term he defined himself, a truly 'Suppressive Person'. 168 Appendices Appendix A: Org Board of Management Appendix B: Declaration by Member of the Danish Graphologist Society Appendix C Probate Document of 15 May 1983 - Declaration of L. Ron Hubbard 169 APPENDIX A Org Board of International Management ? | Ann & Pat Broeker | David Miscavige |---------------------------------------------| Religious Technology Center Author Services Incorporated (A profit-making corporation) Bridge Publications Church Legal Church Finance Church Corporate Affairs | Church of Scientology International Marketing | Watchdog Committee |---------------------------------------------| Commodore's Messenger Organization International Finance Police | Executive Director International | Executive Strata | International Management Organization |---------------------------------------------| Flag Operations Liason Offices Scientology Missions International 'He who holds the power of an organization is that person who holds its communication lines and who is a crossroad of the communications,' (*How to Live Through an Executive*. L. Ron Hubbard) 170 APPENDIX B _TRANSLATION_ Irmgard Wassard Examined graphologist Member of the Danish Graphological Society 26.3.1984 _Declaration_ _concerning possible authenticity/spuriousness of signature by L. Ron Hubbard._ _Material_:- 2 doubtful signatures (photostatic copies)marked X and Y by me. _Material for comparison_:- 2 original signatures marked H by me. --------------------------------------------------------------------- The examination of the above written material has led to the following result:- The two doubtful signatures show so much mutual similarity in the writing movement and the shape of the letters, in the breaking-off of lines, the tilt, and not least in the chaos of big loops in the upper zone of the writing that there is _a probability amounting almost to certainty_ a) that the two signatures have been made by the same person and b) that that person is _not_ identical with the person (L. Ron Hubbard) who has signed his name on the appendices marked H, since the doubtful signatures show a multitude of deviations from the authentic writing which are typical of forgeries. The result of the examination is based on the following observations:- 1. App. H: The writing movement is elastic - XY: The writing movement is unelastic 2. App. H: The lines are predominantly unbroken - XY: The lines are markedly broken (break-offs, holes) 3. App. H: The letters "ubbard" are clearly shaped and easily legible - XY: The letters "ubbard" are unclearly shaped and partly difficult to read. 171 APPENDIX B Irmgard Wassard 2. 4. App. H: 3 seperate loops in the upper zone - XY: Only 2 loops in the upper zone + extra lines which cross the loops so that the whole upper zone becomes an entangled, overdimensional chaos whereas the same zone is clear to read in the authentic signatures. 5. App. H: The toploop of the H points upwards and bends slightly to the right - XY: The toploop of the H is lying like an eiderdown on top of almost all of the last name. 6. App. H: There is great distance from the said right loop of the H to the top of the d, the leftwards movement of which forms an angle with the finishing line which points to the right. - XY: The loop of the H and the top part of the "d" are entangled. 7. App. H: The change of writing direction in the top part of the "d" makes an acute angle. - XY: The change of writing direction in the top part of the "d" forms an oval bow. 8. App. H: The letter d is written in one unbroken movement - XY: In app. X the upstroke has been added later, and in fact in the wrong place. - In app. Y the upstroke has no connection with the basic curve. 9. App. H: The letters "bb" are written in an unbroken movement - XY: The letters "bb" are separate; one b is illegible in App. X 10. App. H: The b's have a very short upper part. - XY: The b's have a very long, towering upper part which either touches or crosses the transverse loop from the letter "H". 11. App. H: From basis to top the bs are 8-9 mm high - XY: From basis to top the b's are 15, 17, and 19 mm high, respectively. 12. App. H: The letter "u" is written in an unbroken movement with the letters H and b - XY: The letter "u" is completely isolated. 13. App. H: The angle of tilt in the b's is 58 (degrees) - XY: The angle of tilt is the b's is 35 and 45 (degrees), respectively. 172 APPENDIX B Irmgard Wassard 3. 14. App. H: The angle of tilt of the "n" is 130 (degrees) to the left - XY: The angle of tilt of the "n" is 60 (degrees) to the right. 15. App. H: The upper and lower loops of the letter "l" are 10 and 9 mm long, respectively - XY: The upper loops are 30 and 32 mm, respectively The lower loop is but a small, narrow crossing to two lines. 16. App. H: A cross section of the upper loop of the "H" measures 2 and 3 mm, respectively - X: A cross section of the upper loop of the "H" is 3 mm - Y: A cross section of the upper loop of the "H" is 9 mm. 17. App.XY: The letter L contains an extra line in the first, lower convexity which is parallel to the overlying line and the initial line of the L. - Y: contains the same line in a shorter version within the convexity. Furthermore this line is broken off at both ends and has the same hook to the right on its top part. - H: Nothing similar is found in App. H. 18. App. H: In the letter L there is great distance between the rightwards initial upstroke and the lower upstroke from he bottom loop, viz. 7 mm. - XY: The same distance has been measured to and 1 mm, respectively. 19. Apart from all this, there are so many interruptions of the writing, interruptions of the line, added lines, irrelevant additions, omissions and failing imitations (marked by me with little red arrows) that the conclusion must be that there is _a_probability_amounting_almost_to_certainty_that_the_ _signatures_on_the_appendices_X_and_Y_are_forgeries_of_ _the_signature_of_L._Ron_Hubbard._ N.B. The phrase "a probability amounting almost to certainty" is the strongest phrase used in cases of this nature, also by the police. It is my personal, honest belief that the doubtful signatures are _not_ authentic. (Sign, I. Wassard) 173 APPENDIX B I the undersigned Lisbet Pals Svendsen, official translator, hereby certify the foregoing text to be a true and faithful translation of the attached photostatic copy of declaration from Ms. I. Wassard in the Danish language produced to me this 28th day of March, 1984. It should be noted that the appendices marked H, X and Y have not been translated by me, but were handed to me along with the other material. Witness my hand and official seal. (seal:) (signature of Lisbet Pals Svendsen) INTERPRES REGIA JURATA Lisbet Pals Svendsen LISBET PALS SVENDSEN Official translator and interpreter. b. RTC hereby indemnifies LRH and agrees to hold his harmless from and against all liabilities, claims and actions of any kind, and costs, including attorney's fees, which relate to the Marks or services in connection with which they are used. Signed in duplicate at Los Angeles, California on the date first above written. (X) (fake LRH signature) Lafayette Ronald Hubbard (H) (LRH signature) 1971 174 APPENDIX B HANDBOG I DIANETIKKENS METODE Dianetik DEN MODERNE VIDENSKAB OM MENTAL SUNDHED (H) (LRH signature) L. Ron Hubbard NOW, THEREFORE, for good and valuable consideration, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged, said L. Ron Hubbard does hereby assign unto said Religious Technology Center all all of his rights, title and interest in and to the above-identified marks, registrations and applications for registrations, together with all goodwill symbolized by the marks. (Y) Date: 15 June, 198 (fake LRH signature) L. Ron Hubbard IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed by official seal, the day and year in this certificate first above written. (signed David Miscavige) Notary Public in and for Said County and State (seal:) OFFICIAL SEAL DAVID MISCAVIGE NOTARY PUBLIC * CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES COUNTY My comm. expires JAN 11, 1985 175 APPENDIX C 1 | (stamp) 2 | FILED 3 | RIVERSIDE COUNTY 4 | JUN 28 1983 5 | WILLIAM E. BONERLY, Clerk (blurred) 6 | (signature) R Flores Deputy 7 | 8 | SUPERIOR COURT OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA 9 | FOR THE COUNTY OF RIVERSIDE 10 | 11 | In the Estate of ) CASE NO. 47150 12 | L. RON HUBBARD, ) (Probate) 13 | A Missing person. ) STATEMENT OF DECISION 14 | ________________________) 15 | The court makes the following Statement of Decision: 16 | The declaration of L. RON HUBBARD, dated May 15, 1983, 17 | is in Mr. Hubbard's handwriting with his fingerprint attached, 18 | and was executed after this action began. 19 | The lack of information as to Mr. Hubbard's present residence 20 | address is a matter of choice by Mr. Hubbard. 21 | Mr. Hubbard's business affairs are being taken care of to the 22 | satisfaction of Mr. Hubbard, and are not in need of supervision by 23 | this court. 24 | Mr. Hubbard's constitutional right of privacy gives him a 25 | right to keep his residence a secret from the public and, there- 26 | fore, he is not a Missing Person within the meaning of Probate 27 | Code 260. 28 | Dated: June 27, 1983 J. DAVID HENNIGAN | ------------------- | J. DAVID HENNIGAN | JUDGE OF THE SUPERIOR COURT 176 APPENDIX C 1 | _DECLARATION OF L. RON HUBBARD_ 2 | I, L. RON HUBBARD, declare and say: 3 | 1. I am the L. Ron Hubbard who is the subject of this 4 | action, entitled _In re the Estate of L. Ron Hubbard_, 5 | No. 47150. Although I have not appeared in this matter, and 6 | do not intend to do so, as I shall explain further on in 7 | this declaration, I am nevertheless familiar with this 8 | proceeding. 9 | 2. I am submitting thls declaration because I have 10 | been informed that the court in this case has indicated that 11 | it may not accept a letter sent by me to it, dated 3 12 | February 1983, but may be willing to accept a sworn state- 13 | ment from me. I am thus submitting this sworn declaration 14 | in a further effort on my part to put an end to this matter, 15 | although I do not frankly believe that there is any basis 16 | for this action even without my declaration. As with my 17 | previous letter, I am offering my fingerprint on each page 18 | of this declaration. 19 | 3. I am aware of this action, and I am aware that the 20 | basis of it is that my eldest son, Ronald DeWolf, from whom 21 | I have been estranged for over twenty years, contends that I 22 | am a missing person whose estate is in need of attention, 23 | supervision and care. I am further aware that he claims my 24 | health is bad, that I am not competent to handle my affairs, 25 | that I may be held prisoner against my will, and that my 26 | estate is being dissipated by Scientologists. All of this 27 | is totally false, malicious and ill-founded, as I will 28 | elaborate. 1 (initial and two fingerprints) 177 APPENDIX C 1 | 4. With respect to Ronald DeWolf, I consider him 2 | neither a friend nor a family member in the true sense of 3 | the word. Although biologically he is my son, his hostility 4 | and animosity to me are apparent and have been for years. 5 | While I consider this an unfortunate situation, it is none- 6 | theless a fact. I have disinherited him by name in the 7 | various wills I have prepared over the past many years; he 8 | is disinherited in my current will; and I intend to disin- 9 | herit him in any future wills. In this regard, I do not 10 | wish to have turned over to the court or DeWolf my present 11 | will and inter-vivos trust as I consider them personal, 12 | private, and privileged documents, which are subject to 13 | disclosure only at the time of death. But I do think it is 14 | relevant that the court be aware that Ronald DeWolf is 15 | disinherited. 16 | 5. I am not a missing person. I am in seclusion of 17 | my on choosing. My privacy is important to me, and I do 18 | not wish it or my affairs invaded in the manner permitted by 19 | this action. As Thoreau secluded himself by Walden Pond, 20 | I have chosen to do so in my own fashion. I am actively 21 | writing, having published _Battlefield Earth_, and my _Space 22 | Jazz_ album; a projected ten volume work, _Mission Earth_, is 23 | in the pre-publication stage at the moment. I am actively 24 | researching and writing a well in connection with the 25 | religion of Scientology, as I have over the past decades. 26 | 6. I do not intend to appear in this action as doing 27 | so would constitute a violation of my right to privacy, a 28 | 2 (initial and two fingerprints) 178 APPENDIX C 1 | right which is precious to me and which is protected by the 2 | United States and California Constitutions. For the same 3 | reasons, I do not choose to appear for any deposition as, I 4 | am informed, this court has suggested I do. 5 | 7. My affairs are not in need of attention, 6 | supervision and care. My business manager, Author Services, 7 | Inc., does a good job at handling my affairs, and I retain 8 | complete control on all important matters, including signing 9 | my own checks and receiving detailed and regular reports. I 10 | believe that Mr. Lyman Spurlock, of Author Services, Inc., 11 | has explained this to the court. I have a fine battery of 12 | expert professionals who advise me as well. I believe that 13 | Mr. Spurlock and Sherman Lenske, an attorney who represents 14 | me in various business and financial affairs, have also 15 | explained this to the court. I meet all of my obligations, 16 | including tax obligations; support my wife; supervise my 17 | investments; and do all the other things attendant upon a 18 | responsible person's handling of his affairs. 19 | 8. Specifically, with respect to the allegations of 20 | mismanagement of my affairs contained in the Dewolf peti- 21 | tion, I am aware of the circumstances of each. The 22 | allegations are false. There was an effort to pass a large 23 | forged check on my E. F. Hutton account in June, 1982, but 24 | it was those at Author Services who immediately ensured that 25 | it not be cashed and informed me; as a result, I wrote the 26 | Bank of New England and advised it that the check was not 27 | from me. The gems allegation is also false. Jim Isaacson 28 | 3 (initial and two fingerprints) 179 APPENDIX C 1 | did, at my direction, attempt to sell a small stone in the 2 | summer of 1982, although he was not successful. I bought 3 | some stones through Intercap, Ltd., around that same time. 4 | These stones are in my possession and their purchase was 5 | approved by me. I have transferred my religious trademarks 6 | to the Religious Technology Center, but I retain full owner- 7 | ship of any commercial applications of the marks as well as 8 | full ownership of all my copyrights and patent rights, none 9 | of which have been transferred. Contrary to the uninformed 10 | allegations of the petition, my trademark transfer involved 11 | no monetary loss. Finally, I and only I sign my name on any 12 | of my accounts or contract documents, etc. There is no 13 | truth to the allegation that anyone else signs my checks or 14 | other financial documents using my name. 15 | 9. My health is fine. Of course, I am older now than 16 | I used to be, but age come to us all. In my case, I am 17 | fortunate to be in good health and thus able to maintain my 18 | heavy daily work schedule. As to the claim of my incompe- 19 | tence, I do not intend to dignify it with a response. My 20 | life, my work, my activities, my publications, and my con- 21 | tinuing handling of my affairs speak for themselves. 22 | Similarly, the absurd charge that I am being held prisoner 23 | is not worthy of response. Anyone who knows me knows how 24 | ridiculous such an idea is. Equally ridiculous is the idea 25 | that Scientologists would steal from me. Scientology is 26 | based upon the research, study and writing I have done over 27 | a lifetime, work I continue to this day. Scientologists are 28 | 4 (initial and two fingerprints) 180 APPENDIX C 1 | my most trusted associates and would never do anything to 2 | harm me, much less hold me prisoner or steal from me. 3 | 10. Since there apparently have been specific 4 | allegations of wrongdoing by David Miscavige, I wish to take 5 | this opportunity to communicate my unequivocal confidence in 6 | David Miscavige, who is a long time devoted Scientologist, a 7 | trusted associate, and a good friend to me. Any activities 8 | which he may have engaged in at any time concerning my per- 9 | sonal or business affairs have been done with my knowledge 10 | and authorization and for my benefit. The charge that he 11 | is organizing the theft of my assets are completely false 12 | and not worthy of further comment than that. 13 | 11. Due to my concern for my own privacy, and also due 14 | to my concern for my personal security (there have been 15 | numerous threats against my life over the years), I have 16 | always kept my residence a complete secret or one known only 17 | to a few close confidants. 18 | 12. I realize that, to the court, my refusal to come 19 | forward may appear unusual. However, be that as it may, it 20 | is my choice and my right. As I explained in my earlier 21 | letter, I find this the most satisfactory way at present of 22 | avoiding the hurly burly of distracting things. 23 | 13. I am aware that my dear wife of over thirty years, 24 | Mary Sue, has appeared in this action to oppose this effort 25 | to appoint a trustee over my estate. I support her in this 26 | effort and am submitting this declaration in the hope and 27 | expectation that her position will be rapidly vindicated. 28 | 5 (initial and two fingerprints) 181 APPENDIX C 1 | Although we are presently apart, we remain husband and wife. 2 | She is fully supported by me, and she, unlike DeWolf, is 3 | fully provided for in my will. 4 | 14. I have not wanted to repeat all the matters which 5 | I recited in my earlier letter to this court, dated 6 | February 3, 1983, but by this reference I incorporate them 7 | as if fully set forth herein. 8 | 15. I have personal knowledge of all the matters set 9 | forth above and am competent to testify to them. 10 | 16. I respectfully request that this action now be 11 | terminated once and for all. I believe that it is brought 12 | maliciously, in bad faith, and certainly for motives other 13 | than protecting me, my estate or my heirs. 14 | 17. I will handwrite out the final portion of this 15 | declaration, which recites that it is sworn to under the 16 | laws of the State of California, in addition to the typed 17 | version, so that there will be ample handwriting with which 18 | to conduct a handwriting analysis. 19 | I declare, under penalty of perjury and under the laws 20 | of the State of California, that the foregoing is true and 21 | correct. 22 | (LRH signature) 23 | Dated: ----------------- 24 | 15 May 83 (handwritten) L. RON HUBBARD 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 2F:DWLF:VI:DCL:LRH 6 (initial and two fingerprints) 182 APPENDIX C 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | I declare under penalty 9 | of perjury and under the laws 10 | of the State of California, 11 | that the foregoing is 12 | true and correct. (all handwritten) 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 7 (initial and two fingerprints) 183 Glossary (*including abbreviations*) A.D. After the publication of Hubbard's *Dianetics: the Modern Science of Mental Health* in 1950, the date adopted by the Church of Scientology as the *fons et origo* of its religion. So 1986 = A.D. 36 AMA American Medical Association AO Advanced Organization AOLA Advanced Organization, Los Angeles AO/SH Advanced Organization/Saint Hill ARC triangle Affinity, Reality, Communication (the points of the lower triangle of the church's symbol) Auditing Application of Scientology processes and procedures to someone by a trained auditor. Auditor One who listens: person who trains preclears Bridge, The Stepladder of courses undertaken by students of Scientology, from grades I to XII. Buttons Areas which produce a reaction (of pain or embarrassment) in the student which need to be 'flattened' by auditing processes. Case Supervisor Someone who supervises the auditing of preclears Clear State attained by completion of the Clearing Course at an advanced org in which 'engrams' are removed during auditing. CMO Commodore's Messenger Organization Comm Communication Comm Ev Committee of Evidence - equivalent to a court martial C/S Case Supervisor DMSMH Hubbard's *Dianetics: the Modern Science of Mental Health* DN Dianetics. From Greek words *dia* (through) and *nous* (mind), though defined by the Church of Scientology as 'through the soul'. 184 GLOSSARY Dynamics The eight drives/impulses in life. (*See page 22*) E-Meter Electrometer - a form of lie detector Exec Sec Executive Secretary - in charge of three divisions of an org. Engram Incidents in past life which prevent a person from becoming 'Clear'. Fair Game Controversial doctrine promulgated by Hubbard allowing enemies to be 'lied to, cheated, destroyed'. FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation (US) FDA Food and Drug Administration (US) Flag The Church of Scientology's marine mission was commonly referred to as Flag. Although no Sea Org vessels are in operation today, the term Flag is still used in the Sea Org. Flag Land Base This base offers services which were formerly only available on the *Apollo* (flagship of the Sea Org). FOI Freedom of Information Act FOLO Flag Operations Liaison Office GO Guardians' Office. The administrative bureau for the Church of Scientology which handled finances, public relations, social and legal matters. It was active in defending the church, and its personnel were executives of Scientology. Guardian Formerly the most senior executive of Scientology. This office and the GO were abolished after its leaders were convicted of criminal offences in 1979-80. HASI Hubbard Association of Scientologists International HCO Hubbard Communications Office: in charge of the Org Board, of personnel, of inspection and of ethics. Orders are issued from this office. HCOB Hubbard Communications Office Bulletins. Said to be written by L. Ron Hubbard only. Usually written or printed in red on white paper. HCO PL Hubbard Communications Office Policy Letter. Orders or directions for Scientology policy. Written or printed in green on white paper. Formerly signed by L. Ron Hubbard. Hubbard Dianetic The first organization of Dianetics in the United Research Foundation States IRS Inland Revenue Service (US) LRH L. Ron Hubbard, founder of Dianetics and Scientology 185 RELIGION INC. MEST The physical universe. Matter, Energy, Space and Time. Mission A group granted permission to deliver elementary Scientology and Dianetic services but without the Church of Scientology's status and rights. MSH Mary Sue Hubbard NAMH National Association for Mental Health (US) N.E.D. 'New Era Dianetics': the original version of Dianetics overhauled and improved by L. Ron Hubbard in 1978. Org Organization. (Each org is divided into seven divisions. Each division is headed by a secretary and has three departments. A director is the head of a department.) Org Board The structure of the organization showing its divisions, departments, personnel and their functions, and lines of communication. OT Operating Thetan - advanced state of Clear Out-Ethics Situation in which the individual acts against the best interests or ideals of his group. Out-Tech Situation where Scientology is not being applied or is incorrectly applied. Overts Acts of omission or wrongdoing O/W Overts or withholds pc preclear (from pre-clear). Individual who hasn't yet attained the state of Clear but is being audited towards it. PDC Philadelphia Doctorate Course Lectures PTS Potential Trouble Source (someone hostile to Scientology) Purification Rundown Health programme devised by L. Ron Hubbard using vitamins, exercise and sauna baths. R2-45 Release by means of being shot with a Colt. 45 RPF Rehabilitation Project Force, a form of punishment in which the offender has to do 'hard labour' such as cleaning toilets or manual labour. Saint Hill Location of the worldwide headquarters of Scientology at East Grinstead, Sussex. It is also the UK Advanced Org (AOSH UK). The abbreviation 'SH' also applies to any organization authorized to deliver upper-level Scientology courses: e.g, American Saint Hill Organization (ASHO), the Advanced Organization and Saint Hill in Denmark (AOSH EU) and Saint Hill Europe (SH EU). 186 GLOSSARY Scientology Defined by the Church of Scientology as 'from the Latin *scio* (knowing in the fullest sense) and Greek *logos* (study)...the science of knowledge'. The church's symbol is the letter 'S' threaded through two triangles. Scientologist Defined by the church as 'one who understands life'. Sea Org According to the Church of Scientology definitions this is 'a fraternal organization existing within the formalized structure of the Churches of Scientology. It consists of highly dedicated members of the church who take vows of eternal service. The Sea Org's life-style of community living is traditional to religious orders'. Sec Check Security Check Somatics Mental or physical illnesses SP Suppressive Person: one who suppresses those around him or seeks to damage Scientology or a Scientologist by suppressive acts. Standard Tech Following standard procedures Stats Statistics Synergetics One of the breakaway movements from the Church of Scientology. Tech Technology: the application of the precise drills and processes of Scientology. Thetan Spirit. Also the immortal element in an individual. Time Track An individual's past history which may include past lives. Auditing enables the subject to recall incidents on the Time Track. Tone-scale The main gradient of Scientology (*see page 23*) Touch Assist Touching injured or affected body areas to assist the patient in healing. TR Training regimens or drills Upper Indoc TRs Upper Indoctrination TRs, the drills that teach the CCHs (Communication, Control and Havingness). WFMH World Federation for Mental Health Withold Unspoken or withheld transgression against the moral code. 187 Index (*For details of illustrations consult seperate list*) *Throughout, the abbreviation LRH stands for L. Ron Hubbard* (three columns wide) Adam, Robert, 73 Addison, R.L., 157 Adelaide Select Committee on Scientology, 147-8 Advanced Ability Centre, 47, 48 98, 102 Advanced Org for Los Angeles (AULA) - *see* Los Angeles Advanced orgs - *see* Saint Hill; Clearwater; Los Angeles; Sydney Advance payments, 35, 36 Affinity-Reality-Communication (ARC), 23, 41 Africa - *see* South Africa Agents, 70, 79, 82, 83 Alaska Mental Health Act, 120 Alcohol, 34 Alesi, Joseph, 69 Alexander Park, Salisbury, 54 All Clear Unit, 94, 95, 99 'Alyson', 10; quoted 37-9; 44, 45, 164 American Family Foundation, 115, 120, 122, 123, 124, 125 *American Lawyer*, cited, 141 American Medical Association (AMA), 27-8, 115, 120 Anabaptists, 167 Anderson Brian, 166 Anderson, QC, Kevin, 55, 63-4 Anderson Report, 55; quoted 63, 64 Andrus, Brian, 83 Annakin, Ken, 156 Annas, George, 117 *Apollo*: life on board, 58-62, 68, 90, 104; voyages of, 64-6, 76, 77, 90, 91. *See also* Sea Org 'Apollo All Stars' pop-group, 65, 112 Appleby, Mary, 132 Aquinas, Thomas, 16 Armstrong, Gerry, 19 20, 27, 39, 92, 108, 109, 136, 137, 138, 139, 147, 150, 157 Art - LRH and, 73 'Assists', 33, 45 *Astounding Science* (Campbell), 24 Atack, John, 9, 102, 163 *Atheist*, 114, 115 *Athena*, 62 Auditing, 23, 26-7, 31, 34, 35, 36, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 50, 53, 61, 62, 64-5, 76, 85, 86, 93, 94, 101, 107, 113, 119, 120, 124-7, 129, 133, 140, 164, 165 Auditor, 34, 35, 40, 41, 42, 43, 133 *Auditor*, 56-7, 75 Australia, 54, 55, 63, 64, 147-8. *See also* Adelaide; Melbourne; Victoria Australian legislation, 147-8 Authoritarian system (Church of Scientology), 24, 25, 35, 39, 64, 125 Author Services Inc., 95, 143, 155 Aznaran, Vicki, 161 *Battlefield Earth*, 91, 153-4, 156 Bellmaine, Morag, 48 'Betty', 20 Bill of Rights, 166 Bishop, Bruce, 166-7 Black, Karen, 104 Black magic - *see* Occult practices Blackmail, 78, 124 Blair, Eric, letter by, 22 Body Thetans, 50-1, 52 Boomiehills Hotel, Rhodesia, 54 *Boston*, 140 *Boston Globe*, 140 *Boston Herald*, 118 Boston, Mass, 118, 140 Boston org, 118 Boudin, Leonard, 142 Bowman, William, 154 Bradley, Tom, 79 Brain-washing, 27, 42, 43, 102, 115, 120, 123, 124, 126, 136 Breakaway movement from Scientology - *see* Independent movement Breckenridge, Judge Paul, 19, 137 Bridge Publications, 95, 156 'Bridge, The', 35-6, 46, 77, 94, 164 Broeker, Pat and Annie, 12, 13, 14, 91, 94, 96, 97, 98, 143, 153 Brown, Gov. Edmund, 79 Brown, Kevin, 166 Buddhism, 33, 109 Budlong, Morris ('Mo'), 15, 70, 83 84, 87, 95, 142 'Bullbaiting', 40 Burden, Tonja, 91, 142 Burgess, Wally, 76; quoted on LRH, 77 Burglaries, 15, 84 Burroughs, William, 54 'Buttons', 40, 41, 44, 141 Byrne, June, 70, 71, 126-8 California: Church of Scientology in, 65, 67-8, 146 California Superior Court, 19 Callistics, 45 Campbell, John, 24 Canada: Scientology in, 150 Candacraig House, Strathdon, 9, 47-50, 102 Carsons Investigations, 157 Case Supervisor, 30, 36, 90, 126, 127 Catholicism - *see* Roman Catholic Church Cazares, Mayor Gabriel, 68, 69-71, 73, 74, 78 Cazares, Mrs Gabriel, quoted, 69 Cedars of Lebanon Hospital - *see* Los Angeles org Celebrity Center, Los Angeles, 91, 104, 119 *Certainty* (Hubbard), 133 Chain-lockering, 59 Chamberlain, Neville, 10, 158 188 INDEX 'Charles', Case Supervisor, 126, 127 Chateau Elycee - *see* Celebrity Center, Los Angeles Christ, Jesus, 32, 109, 125 Christianity, 32-3 Christofferson, Julie: lawsuit against Scientology 144, 145, 146 Churchill, John Spencer, mural by, 32 Church of the New Faith, 147 Church of Spiritual Technology (CST), 96 CIA, 66, 87, 110, 111, 118, 121 Citizens Commission on Human Rights, 152, 163 Clark, Dr John, 10, 16, 104, 105, 107, 113-20, 157; quoted, 120, 132 Clark, Mrs John, 10, 114 Clark, Cathy, 10, 114 Clarke, Stanley, 104 Clears, 24, 35, 52, 54, 58, 72, 93, 94 Clearwater, Florida, 9, 35, 41, 67, 70-4, 87, 91, 141, 143 *Clearwater Sun*, 70, 71 Clipper-ship, Gilman Springs, 98, 112 CMO International - *see* Commodore's Messenger Org Coat, Tom, editor, 70-71 Coleman, Dr Lee, quoted 121-2 *Collected Essays* (Orwell), 22 Commission of Inquiry into Scientology: (SA), 64; (NZ), 64 Committee of Evidence (Comm Ev), 47, 57, 61, 97, 103 'Commodore' - *see* Hubbard, L. Ron Commodore's Messenger Org (CMO), 58-9, 89-90, 91, 94, 95, 142, 161, 166 Communication, Control, Havingness (CCH), 41, 42, 43 Communism, 23, 57, 87, 131 'Confronting', 40 Cooley, Earle, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 144 Coolidge, President Calvin, 76 Cooper, Paulette, 71, 72, 74, 142-3 Contact assist, 45 Conway & Siegelmann, 127 Copenhagen, Denmark, advanced org at, 35, 48 Corea, Chick, 104 Corydon, Bent, 101, 103 Crate, Thomas, 80 Crax, Dr. E. Cunningham, 55 Creation, 51, 52, 145 Creer, Heath Douglas: letter quoted, 57 Creston Ranch, San Luis Obispo, 11, 15, 159 Crosby, Cathy Lee, 104 Crowley, Aleister, 20, 21 Crystal Ballroom, Fort Harrison, 73, 112 *Cult Observer, The*, 122 Cults - *see* Religious cults Cult techniques, 124-5 Curacao, West Indies: LRH taken ill at, 66 *Daily Telegraph*, 163 Dane Tops letter, 101, 139 Declaration of Independence, 161 Declared, 16, 57, 61, 101 Delgado, Richard, quoted, 123-4 Denniston, Brackett, 100, 139 Deprogramming, 114, 115-6, 117 120, 121, 123, 144, 146 *Destructive Cultism*, 122; quoted 122-3 DeWolf, Ronald, (LRH's son), 21, 74, 102, 129, 130, 139, 140, 154, 157 *Diana*, 62 Dianetic assist, 45 Dianetics, 18, 22-3, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 34-5, 36, 43, 102, 120, 128, 130, 131, 132, 133, 153, 161, 163, 166 *Dianetics: Modern Science of Mental Health* (DMSMH), 22, 24, 25, 34- 5, 75, 10, 16, 164, 166 *Dianews*, 24 *Dianotes*, 24 Dincalci, Jim, 65, 72, 79 Disassociation processes, 125 Disinformation, 56, 78, 84 Dodell, Nathan, 80 *Doing Sociological Research* (Wallis), 87 Dole, Senator Robert, 115 Douglas, Kima, 72, 90, 93, 157 Douglass, Jim, 82 Driberg, Tom, 131 Drugs, 33, 34, 129, 130, 131, 149, 161. *See also* Narconon Dunedin, NZ, 72 Dunn, Lord Justice, 149, 150 Dynamics, 22, 23, 32 Easter Seal Society, 71 Eastment, John, 75, 76 Eberle & Jordan, 36 ECT, 120 *Electro-psychometric Auditing Operator's Manual* (Hubbard), 28 Elizabeth Foundation, 132 Ellis, 158 E-Meter, 26-8, 31, 34, 42, 44, 45, 47, 53, 56, 57, 64, 103, 167; banned in Melbourne, 55; cost of, 35 Engram, 23, 45, 75, 86, 133, 167 *Enchanter*, voyage of, 62-3 Ethics Officers, 44, 55, 56, 57, 119, 128 Fair Game, 46, 52, 56, 130, 137, 148 False Report Correction Program, 84 Family life and Scientology, 63, 64, 118 Fascism, 23 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 66, 70, 71, 78, 82, 83, 121, 131, 137, 138, 156, 159, 160 'Fern', 20 Field, Oliver, quoted, 27-8 Figley, Paul, 80 Fifield Manor, Los Angeles, 80, 83, 104. *See also* Celebrity Center Finance Police, 19, 98, 99, 101, 128 Finn, Janet, 81 First Amendment to the US Constitution, 28, 74, 135 Fishbein, Dr Morris, 27 Flag Land Base, Clearwater, 60, 61, 62, 68, 70, 73, 74, 76, 78, 90, 91, 164 Florida, 67, 130 Flynn Associates Management Corporation, 135 Flynn, Michael, 14, 16, 20, 72, 74, 75, 100, 102, 104, 105, 113, 128, 129, 134-7, 139, 140, 141, 143, 150, 157 Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 27-8, 64 Fort Harrison Hotel, Clearwater, 67, 68, 73, 74, 75, 76, 112. *See also* Flag Land Base 'Foster, John' - *see* Meisner, Mike Foster, Sir John, 55, 64 Foster Report, 55, 64 France, 65, 79 *Freedom*, 121, 138-9 Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), 80, 141-2 'Freeloader Bill', 36, 47, 125 Free Spirit, 16 Freudianism, 133 Gaiman, David, 85, 95 Gamboa, Terri, 94, 95 Garrison, Omar, V., 19, 27, 137 Garrity, Judge W. Arthur, 141 Garside, Michael, 9, 103 George Washington University: LRH at, 19, 70, 105 Germany, Scientology in, 114, 148 Gestapo, 112 Gilman Springs, 90, 94, 98, 105 112, 113, 142, 155, 156, 157 Gnosticism, 28, 52, 119, 120, 166 Goldblatt, Marshall, 9, 113 Golden Era Studios, Gilman, 112 115, 155 *Great Beast, The* (Symonds), 21 Greece, Sea Org in, 65 Gregg, Kathy, 84 Griffith Park, Los Angels, 138, 139 Grubb, Margaret - *see* Hubbard, Margaret Guam: LRH in, 76 189 RELIGION INC. Guardians' Office, 15-6, 68, 70-1, 78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 85, 86, 88, 91, 93, 5, 132, 137, 141, 147 Guardian Order, 78, 79, 185 'Guide to Acceptable Behaviour for Students', 40 H-Bomb, 38 Halpern, Richard, 131 Hansen, Christine, 80, 82, 83 Happy Valley, 97-8, 103 Hare Krishna, 115, 117, 165 Hart, Judge George, 141, 142 Hartwell, Dell, 89, 90 Harvard Medical School, Boston, 114 Haworth, Richard, 9, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78 Heldt, Henning, 79, 80, 82, 83, 95 Heller, Larry, 99, 100 Helnwein, Gottfried, 73, 75 Hemet, California: LRH at, 90, 91 Hennigan, Judge David, 154 *Hidden Story of Scientology, The* (Garrison), 55 *High Winds*, 62 Hilton Hotel, Cabana: LRH at, 66 Hitchman, Tony, 155 Hitler, Adolf, 18, 34, 58, 128, 136, 140, 149 Hogge, Sarah, 10; quoted, 42-4; Holden, 'Rev' Ken, 113, 146 Hollywood, California: LRH in, 131, 156 Hopkins, Nicky, 33 House of Commons, speech in, 64 House of Lords, appeal to, 84 Hubbard, Arthur (LRH's son), 112 Hubbard Association of Scientologists (HASI), 25 Hubbard Communications Office Bulletins (HCOBs), 14, 34, 39-40, 45, 46, 55-6, 58, 64, 73, 107, 148, 160 Hubbard, Diana (LRH's daughter), 59 Hubbard Dianetic Research Foundation, 24, 125, 131 Hubbard Electrometer - *see* E- Meter Hubbard, L. Ron: birth, 18; education, 19, 76; in US Navy & war record, 12, 19, 20, 27, 108, 126, 138; interest in the occult, 20-1, 22; a science-fiction writer, 18, 19, 22, 91, 133, 155-6; other works by, 22, 23, 24, 25, 28, 33, 45, 46, 133, 155; Philadelphia Lectures, 21, 25, 164; founds Dianetics and Scientology, 18, 22-5; opens centre at Phoenix, Arizona, 25; forms Sea Org, 36, 58; at Saint Hill, 31-4; a film producer in California, 89-90; marriages, 24, 59, 130, 131; children, 59, 61, 112 - *see also* DeWolf, Ronald; mental and physical health, 19, 20, 24, 27, 52, 55, 72, 91-2, 130, 131, 157, 158; hobbies, 31, 159; lawsuits against, 91, 94, 95, 142-3, 153; becomes a recluse, 11, 15, 76, 91 93, 159; fights Probate case, 154- 5, 157, Appendix C; announcement of death, 15, 159- 60; last will and testament, 130 160; quoted, 21, 41, 76, 89, 90 131, 161 - *see also* HCOBs; comments on, 12, 15, 18, 20, 21 27, 55, 63, 73, 76, 77, 105-9, 137-8. *See also* Scientology Hubbard, Margaret (Grubb), LRH's 1st wife, 129, 130 Hubbard, Sara (Northrup), LRH's 2nd wife, 24, 112, 130, 131 Hubbard, Mary Sue (Whipp), LRH's 3rd wife, 13, 15, 16, 19, 39, 59n, 61, 72-3, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 85, 88, 95, 112n, 130, 137 Hubbard, Ronald (LRH's son) - *see* DeWolf, Ronald Hypnosis, LRH and, 24, 133 Incidents I & II, 50, 51 Independent movement, 16, 31, 34, 36, 101, 102, 158. *See also* Scientology Inland Revenue Service, US (IRS), 28-9, 68, 70, 79, 80, 84, 86, 92, 93 95, 98, 104, 137, 138, 146, 151-2, 159, 160 Intelligence Specialist Training Routines (TRS), 84 International Convention for the Prevention of Genocide, 117 International Finance Police - *see* Finance Police Interpol, 84 Irwin, Gale, 94, 95 Jack Tar Hotels, 67 Jaipur, Maharajah of, 29 James, Anton, quoted, 54 Jentzsch, 'Rev' Heber, 9, 12, 15, 102, 104-14, 116, 118, 121, 129, 134, 136, 140, 141, 146, 148, 161, 164 Jentzsch, Mrs Heber (Yvonne), 1st wife, 104, 105, 106 Jentzsch, Mrs Heber (Karen), 2nd wife, 12, 14, 105, 113 'Joey', 138, 139 Jones, Jim, 66, 121 Jones, Mrs Susan, 9, 103 Jovachivech, Judge, 74 Juries, 82, 91, 142, 144, 145, 146, 150 Judges, 18, 19, 20, 74, 87, 101, 140- 50 Justice Department, 70, 80, 138, 142, 160 Kelly, Mrs Kathy, 73 Kember, Jane, 15, 83, 87, 88, 95, 142 Kieffer, Donald, 116 Kissinger, Henry, 72 Kregg, Kathy, 84 Krentzmann, Judge Ben, 71, 141 Langone, Dr Michael, 115, 122-3 Las Palmas, 76 Latey, Mr Justice, 18, 19, 20, 115 148-50; comments on LRH and Scientology, 18, 148-9 Lawley, Ron, 48 Lawrence, Lee, 36-7 Lawsuits, 91, 115, 135, 142-44 Liberalism, 24 Lie detector, 26, 44, 57 Lindsay, Sue, 155-6 Lisa, Joe, 70 Lisbon: LRH in, 65 Lonach Highlanders, 49 Londer, Judge Donald, 145, 146 London HQ - *see* Tottenham Court Road Los Angeles org, 22, 32, 35, 77, 82, 91, 103, 113, 142, FBI raid on, 78, 83. *See also* Celebrity Center Los Angeles Police Dept., 20 *Los Angeles Times*, 52 LSD, 131 Luxemburg: LRH bank accounts in, 65, 93 Lying: training in, 84 Macall, Frank: reminiscences of LRH, 62-3; on Scientology, 63 McCarthy, Senator, 57, 131 McMaster, John, 10, 48, 53-4, 57-9, 61, 62, quoted on LRH, 54, 58 McMurry, Garry, 144, 145 Mandrax, 120 *Manual of Justice* (Hubbard), quoted, 46 Maren, Arthur J., 68, 129 *Marginal Medicine* (Wallis), 25 Margolis, Superior Court Judge Alfred, 52 Marlowe, Steve, 100 Massachusetts Bar Association, 135 Massachusetts General Hospital, 117 Massachusetts Medical Board, 117 Massacre Canyon Ranch, 90 Mathieson, Craig, 32 Mathison, Volney G., 26 Matter-Energy-Space-Time (MEST), 23 Maurer, Phoebe, 95 Mayo, David, 90, 95, 97, 98, 157; LRH's comment on, 90 Meisner, Mike ('John Foster'), 69, 70, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 86 Melbourne: Scientology banned in, 55 190 INDEX Melbourne org: police raid on, 55 Membership figures (Scientology), 150, 163-4 Mental Health Authority (Victoria), 55 Mental illness, 19, 33, 117, 120. *See also* Psychiatry Meter - *see* E-Meter Milstead, Dr, 27 Mind control - *see* Brain-washing Miscavige, David, 8, 12-16, 89-91, 94-6, 98-9, 101-4, 106-7, 112, 143, 153, 155, 158, 160, 161 *Mission Earth* (Hubbard), 155 Mission Holders' Conference: Clearwater, 160; San Francisco, 14, 94, 99-101, 103, 160 Missions, 77, 94, 100 Mithoff, Ray, 100 MKULTRA, 121 Mohammed, 109, 136 Monroe Ranch, California, 90 Moonies - *see* Unification Church 'Moral Career of a Research Project' (Wallis), quoted, 87 Moulton, Captain Thomas, 19-20 Mount Sinai/Cedars of Lebanon Hospital - *see* Los Angeles org Narconon, 33, 152, 163. *See also* Drugs National Association for Mental Health, 66, 132 Nazis, 112, 117, 132, 136 Nelson, John, 94, 95 'New Era Dianetics' (Hubbard), 36, 48, 51, 90, 164 New Jersey Board of Medical Examiners, 132 New York: LRH in, 65, 72, 79 New York Community Trust, 140 New Zealand, 54; Commission of Inquiry, 64, 67 'Non-Existence', 56, 58, 60, 138, Northrup, Sara - *see* Hubbard, Sara NOTS, 51, 73 Oberdorfer, Judge Louis, 142 Occult practices, 20, 21, 24, 52, 128 O'Keefe, 60 Omaha lawsuit, 90 Operating Thetan (OT), 35-6, 48, 49, 50, 52, 100, 165 'Operation Bulldozer Leak', 79 'Operation Bunny Bust', 69, 70 'Operation Freakout', 72 'Operation Keller', 70 'Operation Snow White', 65, 79, 141 Ordo Templi Orientis, 20 *Oregon State Bar Bulletin*, 146 Organizations (Scientology) - *see under* Los Angeles org; Saint Hill; Sea Org; Washington org Org Board - *see* Appendix A Org-speak, 22, 26, 30, 59, 60, 92, 124, 133 Orsini, Bette, 68, 69, 71 Orwell, George, 22 Out-ethics, 22, 31, 34, 57 'Overboarding', 59, 60 Overts, 26, 38, 75, 86, 100 Pain, Drugs, Hypnosis (PDH), 129 Palm Springs, 105 Parsons, Dr Jack, 20 Patrick, Ted ('Black Lightning') 115 'Pauline', Case Supervisor, 128 Pearl Harbour, 20 *Penthouse*, 21, 129, 130 Peterson, John, 11, 12 Philadelphia Doctorate Lectures, 21, 25, 161, 164 Phoenix, Arizona: LRH at, 25 Policy Letters - *see* Hubbard Communications Office Bulletins preclears, 23, 24, 26, 27, 31, 40, 41, 50, 137, 144, 146, 148; processing folders, 76, 85-6, 137, 144, 146, 148 Probate case involving LRH, 147, 154-5, 157; Appendix C Presley, Elvis, 104 Presley, Priscilla, 104 Press, smear-tactics against, 46, 67-9 Proby, P.J., 126 'Project Quaker', 85 Potential Trouble Source, (PTS), 44 Psychiatrists, 33, 34, 44, 120-33 *Psychiatry the Faithbreaker* (Coleman), 121, 122 Psychological Practices Act, 54, 147 Punishments, 37, 56, 57, 59, 111, 125 Purcell, Don, 24, 25, 26 *Purification: An Illustrated Answer to Drugs*, 45 Purification Rundown, 38, 44-5, 98 Rajneeshee, 163 'Reactive mind', 22, 26, 27 *Reconnection*, 102, 163 Red Box system, 79, 148 Refunds policy, 36, 39 Rehabilitation Project Force (RPF), 31, 32, 144, 146, 152 Reincarnation, 133 Reiss, Richard, 32, 34 Religious cults, 115, 117, 122, 123- 4, 165 'Religious Freedom Convention', 161 Religious Research Foundation (RRF), 65, 92-3 Religious Technology Centre (RTC), 14, 15, 36, 48, 95-6, 97, 99, 100, 101, 102, 104, 152, 156, 158; document setting up RTC, 159, 160. *See also* Appendix B 'Religious Totalism' (Delgrado), 123, 125 Reverse processes, 86-7 Reynolds, Wendall, 99, 100 Rhodesia: Scientology in, 54, 62 Richey, Judge Charles, 142 Riesdorf, Lois, 94 *Road to Total Freedom, The* (Wallis), 24, 87; quoted, 132n Robinson, Judge Aubrey, 142 Robinson, Kenneth, 55; quoted, 64 Rockefeller, Nelson, 140 *Rocky Mountain News*, interview with LRH, 155-6 Roman Catholic Church, 28, 111, 119, 146, 166 Ron's Journal, 157, 161-2, 164 Roos, Otto, 59, 63; extracts from his journal, 60-2 Rorschach, Hermann, 24 Royal Navy, 62 *Royal Scotsman, The - see Apollo* R2-45, 25 Sableman, 68 Saint Hill Manor (and castle complex), East Grinstead (UK advanced org), 9, 29, 30-2, 34, 35, 43, 46, 47, 48, 49, 53, 64-5, 91, 93, 102, 126, 132, 161; LRH at, 31-4 St Martin's Press, 156 St Petersburg, Florida, 67 *St Petersburg Times*, Florida, 69, 71, 130 Sakellarios, Jean-Claude, 116 Salem Productions, 156 Sandcastle Motel, Clearwater, 67, 73, 74, 77 San Luis Obispo, California: LRH at, 11, 15, 159 Santa Rosa *News Herald*, 129 Satanism, 114, 116 *Saturday Evening Post*, 155 *Scandal of Scientology, The* (Cooper), 71 Schaick, Lavenda van, 134, 141 Schomer, Homer, 143 Science-fiction: LRH as writer of, 18, 19, 22, 91, 133, 155-6 *Science of Survival* (Hubbard), 23 Scientologists: recruitment, 34-5, 37, 163-4; training of, 124-6 - *see also* Auditing and Training Routines; penalties against, 37, 56, 57, 59, 111, 125; disaffected and independents, 16 - *see also* 'Alyson'; Chamberlain, Neville; Scott, Robin; McMaster, John Scientology, Church of: founded by L. Ron Hubbard, 22-5; aims, 33, 120; compared to other religions, 28, 32, 33; courses, 35-6, 191 RELIGION INC. 49-52, 73, 49-52; income and finances, 34, 35, 37, 39, 65, 67, 92-4, 98, 119-20, 151-2, 164-5; language, 22, 26, 30, 59, 60, 92, 133; organization - *see* orgs and Appendix A; training methods, 124-6 - *see also* Auditing; recruitment, 34-5, 37, 110; statistics, 37, 77; and the courts, 71, 83-4, 91, 124-51; and family life, 63, 64; and governments, 54, 55, 64, 84, 147-8; and the IRS - *see* Inland Revenue Service; and psychiatry - *see* Psychiatrists; comments on, 18, 21, 49-50, 55, 63, 64, 105-9, 118, 161; opponents of - *see* Clark, Dr John; Flynn, Michael. *See also* Hubbard, L. Ron; Guardians' Office Scientology Victims' Defence Fund, 140 Scott, Adrienne, 9, 47, 48, 49 Scott, Robin, 9, 47-8, 102, 128; quoted on Scientology, 49-50 Sea Org, 12, 13, 36, 47, 58, 63, 65, 66, 78, 91, 98, 102, 113, 119 Sec-Check, 47, 57, 76, 86, 97 Second World War: LRH in, 20 Sequoia University: LRH at, 19 Shapiro, Edward, 117 'Siberia Bill', 121, 140 'Silver' - *see* Wolfe, Gerald Bennett 'Silvergate', 79, 82 Silverglate, Harvey, 141 Silver Ranch, California, 90 Sinatra, Frank, 79 Smear-tactics, 46, 68-9, 70, 71, 72, 86-7, 141 Smith, Ian (Prime Minister), 54 Smithers, Gulliver, 10 Smoking, LRH and, 34, 40, 90 'Snapping', 125, 126 *Snapping, America's Sudden Epidemic*.. (Conway & Siegelmann), 125, 126, 127 Snider, Duke, 70, 83, 95 Snyder, Bob, 68, 71 Sodium Pentathol, 27, 72 South Africa: Scientology in, 53, 54, 55 *Southern California Law Review*, 123 Southern Land Sales and Development Corporation, 67 *Space Jazz Album* (Hubbard), 155 Spurlock, Lynn, 95, 137 'Squirrels', 16, 47, 60, 99, 100, 102, 113 Stamford Research Institute, 110 *Stamp Out Squirrels*, 102 Standard Tech, 40, 43, 97, 101. *See also* Technology, Stark, Garey, 83 Starkey, Norman, 91, 94, 95, 100, 160 Stein, Barry, 112 Stifler, Lawrence, 142 Stokes, Vean 99 Student Hat, 35, 39, 46, 164 Sullivan, Mrs Laurel, 92-3 *Sunday Times, The*, 20-1, 103 Suppressive Persons, 14, 16, 46 47, 48, 52, 54, 56, 57, 60, 98, 100, 129, 158, 174 Swanson, John J. (graphologist), 96 Switzerland: LRH's Bank accounts in, 15 Sydney, Australia: Scientology in, 35 Symonds, John, 21 Synergetics, 24, 26 Szasz, Thomas, 121 Tamini, Ala, 139, 140, 155; Akil, 139 Tampa, Florida, 67, 70, 91 Tangier, Morocco: LRH at, 65 Taxes, 15, 28, 58, 64, 147. *See also* IRS Technology ('tech'), 13-4, 16, 34, 37, 44, 51, 61, 75, 77, 95, 98, 101, 121, 151, 158, 166 'Tenyaka Memorial', 132 Thetan, 41, 73 Thomas, Sharon, 69, 70, 79, 80 Tichbourne - *see* Christofferson, Julie Tilden, Nebraska: birthplace of LRH, 18 *Time Magazine*, 106 Tone-scale, 23, 24, 126 Toronto, Canada: raid on org, 150 Tottenham Court Road - London HQ of Scientology, 38 'Touch assists', 45 Training Routines (TRs), 40, 41, 44, 46, 84 Travolta, John, 104, 145 'Unfathomable Man, The', 89 Unification Church, 115, 122, 124, 165 United Churches ot Florida, 67, 68, 72 United Kingdom: Scientology in, 55, 64. *See also* Saint Hill; Tottenham Court Rd. United Nations, Scientology representative at, 57 United States Constitution, 74, 135 United States Navy, 27 United States Naval Intelligence, 20 United States: Scientology in - *see* Boston; Clearwater; Gilman; Los Angeles; New York; Washington Upper-level materials, 47, 49-52, 61, 98 Utilitarianism, 33, 75 Valles, Karen, 73 Veterans' Administration: LRH's letter to, 131-2 Victoria, Australia: Scientology in, 54, 55, 63, 147, 148 Voegerding, Diane, 94, 96 Wallace family, 49 Wallis, Professor Roy, 10, 24, 27, 56, 77, 87, 132, 133 Wall of Fire, 50 Wallman, Gary, 33 Washington org, 22, 27, 28, 70, 71, 78, 79, 82, 83; raided by FBI, 71, 78; by US marshals, 28, 78; taxes and, 64 Wassard, Irmgard (graphologist), 96; Appendix B Watchdog Committee, 91, 94, 95, 98 'Watergate', 79, 157 Watson, Julia, 95 Wayne, John, 79 *Way to Happiness* (Hubbard), 33 WDCL Radio Station, 71 Weigard, Dick, 70, 79, 80, 82 West Indies: LRH in, 66 *What is Scientology?*, 25, 163 Wheeler, Dennis, 129 Whipp, Mary Sue - *see* Hubbard, Mary Sue Wimbush, Kingsley, 99 Winter, Dr Joseph, 24, 46, 132 'Withholds', 27 Wolfe, Gerald Bennett ('Silver'), 70, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83 Wollersheim, Larry, 52 World Federation for Mental Health (WFMH), 132 WXKS Radio Station, 114 Xenu, 50, 52 Yaeger, Marc, 91, 94, 161 'Year of Technical Breakthroughs, The', 73 Young, Bill, 70 Young, Mrs Shirley, 9, 103 'YoungTurks', 88, 89, 90, 106 Young, Lt. Warren, 82 Zegel, John, 153, 154, 157, 161 192 [photo #27 of Stewart Lamont] Stewart Lamont is a broadcaster and journalist specializing in religious affairs. He joined BBC Scotland as a radio producer in 1972 and since 1980 has worked as a freelance producer and presenter in radio and television, making programmes for Channel 4, Yorkshire TV, Grampian TV and Thames. He presents the daily morning current affairs programme for BBC Scotland and is Religious Affairs Correspondent of the *Glasgow Herald*, having also filled that position on the *Sunday Times*. His previous books are *The Third Angle* (a thriller), *Is Anybody There?* (arising from the widely praised six film documentaries he made on the paranormal), and (with Peter Moss) *Religion and the Supernatural*. He was born in Broughty Ferry, Scotland, in 1947 and was educated at Grove Academy and the University of St Andrews where he was President of the Union and obtained science and divinity degrees. *Back Cover photo: Nik Wheeler/Sunday Times, London* ISBN 0 245-54334-1 [photo #28: identical to plate photo #12 in 1st set of plates, except in color of Hubbard sitting on a camera truck wearing a cowboy hat.] *Lafayette Ron Hubbard* ISBN 0-245-54334-1 (bar code) 9 780245 543340 00995 HARRAP